The Relations Among Inhibition and Interference Control Functions: A Latent-Variable Analysis.

Friedman, Naomi P.; Miyake, Akira

doi:10.1037/0096-3445.133.1.101

Cited by 1,906 publications

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“…For example, Nigg (2000) distinguished inhibitory control over cognitive processes from inhibitory control over motor responses. In contrast, Friedman and Miyake (2004) found differences between tasks where interference resulted from conflicting information present in the environment within a given trial (i.e., distractor interference) and tasks where interference built up over successive trials (i.e., proactive interference). The second and third models tested, then, grouped the inhibition tasks on the basis of inhibition type (motor vs. cognitive inhibition), and source of interference (distractor interference vs. proactive interference).…”

Section: Models Of Executive Controlmentioning

confidence: 80%

Using confirmatory factor analysis to understand executive control in preschool children: I. Latent structure.

Wiebe¹,

Espy²,

Charak³

2008

Developmental Psychology

674

585

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Although many tasks have been developed recently to study executive control in the preschool years, the constructs that underlie performance on these tasks are poorly understood. In particular, it is unclear whether executive control is comprised of multiple, separable cognitive abilities (e.g., inhibition and working memory) or whether it is unitary in nature. A sample of 243 normally developing children between 2.25 and 6 years of age completed a battery of ageappropriate executive control tasks. Confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) was used to compare multiple models of executive control empirically. A single-factor, general model was sufficient to account for the data. Furthermore, the fit of the unitary model was invariant across subgroups of children divided by socioeconomic status or sex. Girls displayed a higher level of latent executive control than boys, and children of higher and lower SES did not differ in level. In typically-developing preschool children, tasks conceptualized as indices of working memory and inhibitory control in fact measured a single cognitive ability, despite surface differences between task characteristics.Keywords: executive control, inhibition, working memory, preschool, confirmatory factor analysis Preschool Executive Control 3Using confirmatory factor analysis to understand executive control in preschool children:I. Latent structure Executive control is a term used to refer broadly to those cognitive abilities that are associated with, or subserved by, prefrontal cortex and interconnected subcortical system (Diamond, 2001;Stuss, 1992). Although research on executive control has been underway for several decades, remarkably there remains no well-agreed-upon definition as yet. One school of thought has conceptualized executive control as a group of relatively independent, or fractionated, cognitive abilities, typically including working memory, the ability to keep information in mind to guide ongoing or later behavior (Baddeley & Hitch, 1974); inhibitory control, the ability to keep irrelevant or misleading information from interfering with performance (Diamond, 1990;Harnishfeger & Bjorklund, 1993); and set-shifting, or adapting strategies to changing situational demands (Zelazo, Frye, & Rapus, 1996). In contrast, others have argued that executive control is a unitary, domain general construct that manifests in different ways depending on contextual demands (e.g., Duncan & Miller, 2002;Duncan & Owen, 2000).Prefrontal systems undergo a protracted course of development (Benes, 2001). In comparison with posterior cortical areas, the phases of prefrontal cortical development, including neuronal generation, differentiation, and synaptic pruning, occur later and over a longer period of time (Giedd et al., 1999;Huttenlocher, 1990). Myelination of fibers within prefrontal cortex is not complete until early adulthood (Paus et al., 2001). Executive control undergoes a similarly delayed developmental trajectory where, for example, performance on "classic" executive tasks like the T...

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Section: Models Of Executive Controlmentioning

confidence: 80%

Using confirmatory factor analysis to understand executive control in preschool children: I. Latent structure.

Wiebe¹,

Espy²,

Charak³

2008

Developmental Psychology

674

585

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

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“…Sylvester et al (2003) have previously shown that inhibitory control activates both unique and shared (with other cognitive processes such as task switching) cortical regions, with the current study suggesting that the unique regions identified by Sylvester in premotor and prefrontal areas were those called upon during competing demands for common regions. It remains to be seen whether this result can be generalized to other paradigms, for example, recent literature examining inhibition has suggested that the cognitive processes required for Go/Nogo and Stroop-type tasks can be distinguished from those for reducing proactive interference (Friedman and Miyake, 2004). There also remains the possibility that these different forms of inhibition have cortical substrates that interact differently with demands such as increasing WM load (Kok, 1999;West et al, 2002).…”

Section: Common Resourcesmentioning

confidence: 96%

Beyond common resources: the cortical basis for resolving task interference

2004

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Recent studies have suggested that declining inhibitory control observed during simultaneous increases in working memory (WM) demands may be due to sharing common neural resources, although it is relatively unclear how these processes are successfully combined at a neural level. Event-related functional MRI was used to examine task performance that required inhibition of varying numbers of items held in WM. Common activation regions for WM and inhibition were observed and this functional overlap may constitute the cortical basis for task interference. However, maintaining successful inhibitory control under increasing WM demands tended not to increase activation in these overlapping regions as might be expected if these common areas reflect common resources essential for task performance. Instead, increased activation was observed predominantly in unique, inhibition-specific regions including dorsolateral prefrontal cortex. The finding that successfully maintaining weaker stimulus -response relationships in the face of competition from stronger, prepotent responses requires greater activity in these regions reveals the means by which the brain resolves task interference and supports theories of how top-down attentional control is implemented. D

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“…Inhibition has received labels such as "interference" (Piai et al 2012) and "suppression" (Ludowig et al 2010) to highlight its automatic nature (implicit or unintentional inhibitory processes) and controlled nature (explicit or intentional inhibitory processes), respectively (Nigg 2000;Friedman and Miyake 2004;Andres et al 2008;Collette et al 2009). This theoretical construct of the level of control that is needed in a cognitive process, in this case inhibition, was initially proposed by Shiffrin and colleagues (for a review, see Shiffrin and Schneider 1977).…”

Section: Theoretical Issues In Inhibitionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Event-Related Brain Potentials in the Study of Inhibition: Cognitive Control, Source Localization and Age-Related Modulations

et al. 2014

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In the previous fifteen years, a variety of experimental paradigms and methods have been employed to study inhibition. In the current review, we analyze studies that have used the high temporal resolution of the event-related potential (ERP) technique to identify the temporal course of inhibition to understand the various processes that contribute to inhibition. ERP studies with a focus on normal aging are specifically analyzed because they contribute to a deeper understanding of inhibition. Three time windows are proposed to organize the ERP data collected using inhibition paradigms: the 200 ms period following stimulus onset; the period between 200 and 400 ms after stimulus onset; and the period between 400 and 800 ms after stimulus onset. In the first 200 ms, ERP inhibition research has primarily focused on N1 and P1 as the ERP components associated with inhibition. The inhibitory processing in the second time window has been associated with the N2 and P3 ERP components. Finally, in the third time window, inhibition has primarily been associated with the N400 and N450 ERP components. Source localization studies are analyzed to examine 2 the association between the inhibition processes that are indexed by the ERP components and their functional brain areas. Inhibition can be organized in a complex functional structure that is not constrained to a specific time point but, rather, extends its activity through different time windows. This review characterizes inhibition as a set of processes rather than a unitary process.

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The Relations Among Inhibition and Interference Control Functions: A Latent-Variable Analysis.

Cited by 1,906 publications

References 134 publications

Using confirmatory factor analysis to understand executive control in preschool children: I. Latent structure.

Using confirmatory factor analysis to understand executive control in preschool children: I. Latent structure.

Beyond common resources: the cortical basis for resolving task interference

Event-Related Brain Potentials in the Study of Inhibition: Cognitive Control, Source Localization and Age-Related Modulations

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