The Relation of Wet and Dry Crease Recovery to Wash -Wear Behavior

Steele, Richard

doi:10.1177/004051756003000104

Cited by 43 publications

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“…The use of concentrated solutions of such salts as zinc chloride, thiocyanates, and inorganic bases causes relaxation in the secondary valence forces of the cellulose chains and causes a rise in the wet crease recovery angle of cotton fabric. Steele [70] reported similar results for rayon fabrics. The effect of n~ethvlatiun on wet crease recovery mentioned by Steele [71 ], who dryness and showed that there are sensitive regions between the completely dry and wet states; maxima and minima in the wet recovery angle occurred at water contents of 20-30% for cotton and 30-50% for rayon.…”

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confidence: 56%

“…Steele [70] believed that wet recovery was due to intrachain linking on the C., and C~ hydroxyls in the same anhydroglucose unit (AGU) possibly because in the swollen state the anhydroglucose chains are farther apart and the Cz and C~ hydroxyls more accessible. This, it will be recalled, was the position taken by Wood 1761 on the basis of the reaction of formaldehyde and cellulose catalyzed by i270 sulfuric acid.…”

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The Nature of Wet Crease Recovery in Cotton—A Review

McKelvey

1964

Textile Research Journal

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Intro4uction, Unfinished cotton fabrics that have heen desizecl, ' scoured, and bleached are usually less resilient when wet tjiati when conditioned to &dquo;dryness&dquo; at 65% RH at 25° C. Thus 80 X 80 fabric has been found to have dry conditioned recovery angles of 195°' (warp plus filling) and 165 (W + F) when wet.On occasion, other memlers of this laboratory have observed cotton fahric in which the dry and wet crease recovery angles were of equal value and one sample at least with the wet recovery angle higher than the dry value. These anomalies are helieved to le due to the severity of, or the lack of severity of, the purification process and perhaps to the structure and history of the fabrics. It has been, experimentally shown that numerous reagents cause an elevation of both the dry and wet recovery angles, and the reagents which have been successful in textile finishing for wash-wear have heen dior '. poly functional. However, in the field o~ epoxide and formaldehyde finishing it has been found possiblẽ to elevate the wet crease angle without changing the dry angle very much, although sometimes with epoxide-treated fabrics the dry angle is definitely less than that of the untreated control. Gross deposition of re~n to cause &dquo;spot welding&dquo; of fibers or l~cril>l~eral deposition, as described by Steele 1701 I and Marsh [41], will not be considered in tliis discttssion. although noted in passing.From the number of references in the literature to wet crease recovery alone it would appear that the phenomenon has been rather widely observed over a considerable period of time. And since there is such a variety of reagents that can cause it under many different conditions of reaction, it is possible that what is being observed are several effects superimposed upon one another. The two most common reagents capable of making cotton crease resistant in the wet state alone are formaldehyde (or donors of it) and epichlorohydrin (or its precursors). However, as this review will show, the choice of a reagent is not limited to these two.IZeference will also 1>e made to effects of alkali alone on cotton, and, as will be pointed out, strong alkali (15-25% NaOH ) is used as a &dquo;catalyst&dquo; in preparing various cellulose derivatives, particularly the ethers. It is possible to cause improvement in 1 One of the laboratories of the Southern Utilization Research and Development Division,

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The Nature of Wet Crease Recovery in Cotton—A Review

McKelvey

1964

Textile Research Journal

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“…These are in principle independent of each other, but they probably play simultaneous roles in many known reactions and finishing processes. They are: (1) surface deposition of polymer, which has been described by Steele as a "macroscopic crosslinking" of fibers within yarns, and (2) formation of covalent crosslinks while the fiber is in a swollen state.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The role of crosslinking in enhancing wet crease recovery of cellulosic fabrics

Tesoro¹

1961

J of Applied Polymer Sci

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Considerable experimental evidence has been reported in recent years in support of the theory that covalent crosslinkages between cellulose chains are essential to impart dry crease recovery to cellulosic fabrics. It has been proposed also that wet crease recovery can be increased by simple substitution in the total absence of crosslinking. It is the purpose of this paper to report a direct comparison of the effects of monofunctional and bifunctional reagents of identical size and unequivocal functionality on the wet crease recovery and other properties of cotton, rayon and other regenerated cellulose fabrics. The compounds employed are derivatives of vinyl sulfones. The synthesis of these products is briefly described, with some emphasis on the new compounds and intermediates prepared. The procedure selected for reacting the sulfones with cellulosic fabrics is described, and the differences observed in the chemical behavior of the mono‐ and bifunctional compounds are discussed. A comparison of the physical properties, and particularly of the wet crease recovery of fabrics modified to the same extent with mono‐ and bifunctional reagents, suggests that side chains are ineffective in enhancing wet crease recovery of cellulosic fabrics. The increase in wet crease recovery resulting from the reaction of swollen cellulose with polyfunctional reagents must therefore be attributed to the formation of covalent crosslinks.

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“…These tensile elastic recovery values correlated well with crease recovery. Steele [41 ] presented data indicating that the wash-wear rating of cotton and rayon is a function of wet and dry crease recoveries. It is thus probable that all three tests (crease recovery, wash-wear rating, and elastic recovery) are related to the same fundamental property of cellulose.…”

Section: Resiliencementioning

confidence: 99%

Some Theoretical Considerations of Cellulose Cross-Linking

Garden¹,

Steele²

1961

Textile Research Journal

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Much available chemical evidence supports the hypothesis that covalent cross-linking is the best way to improve the resilience of cellulosic fabrics. This paper reviews the theories relating physical properties to cross-linking in rubbery polymers and shows that they apply in some qualitative aspects to cellulose. Particularly, the observed changes in swelling, solubility, modulus, tensile strength, and resilience are consistent with these theories.On the basis of published data, the concentration of intermolecular cross links is estimated ; it is found that at least every twenty-fifth accessible anhydroglucose unit has to be intermolecularly cross-linked when maximum crease recovery values are attained. In rubbery polymers, substantial changes in mechanical properties are obtained at much lower levels of cross-linking. This difference between cellulose and rubbers in response to cross-linking is probably due to the polar nature of cellulose.IT IS widely accepted that cross-linking is the most efficient method to impart high resilience, good crease recovery, and dimensional stability to cellulose fabrics. The cross-linking hypothesis was first advanced by Meunier and Guyot [29] J in 1929 for the formaldehyde-cellulose reaction. It obtained wider attention in 1948 through the work of Cameron and Morton [5], who based their conclusions on the lowered moisture regain, water imbibition, and solubility of rayon samples reacted either with urea-formaldehyde or melamine-formaldehyde precondensates or with formaldehyde or glyoxal alone. It had, however, been known [2, 8, 511 and has reently been confirmed by Reeves et al. [ 36] that wet state treatments of cellulose with formaldehyde . increase the moisture regain and water imbibition. Furthermore, reduction in the solubility of cellulose may also be caused by simple single-ended substituton on the cellulosic hydroxyls. The evidence provided by Cameron and Moron was therefore not unequivocal. , A very powerful argument in favor of the crosslinking hypothesis is the general experience that only difunctional reactants are particularly efficient in improving the resilience of cellulosic fabrics. For example, Steele and Giddings [42,43] found that monomethylol urea increased the crease recovery of cotton to a much lesser extent than dimethylol urea. Most known cellulose cross-linkers are able to polymerize when reacted in the absence of cellulose. It has been argued that these compounds improve resilience by forming polymers within the fiber (25J ] and thus stabilizing the physical entanglements of the molecules ( 28 J . One could imagine that complicated cross-linked structures are obtained by polymerizing difunctional reactants and that the resulting three-dimensional networks are more efhcient in stabilizing the fabric than the linear polymers derived from monofunctional reactants. However, this argument is weakened by the available data indicating that certain reactants do form covalent links with cellulose. This has been shown by Wagner and Pacsu [49] by methylation of...

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The Relation of Wet and Dry Crease Recovery to Wash -Wear Behavior

Cited by 43 publications

References 11 publications

The Nature of Wet Crease Recovery in Cotton—A Review

The Nature of Wet Crease Recovery in Cotton—A Review

The role of crosslinking in enhancing wet crease recovery of cellulosic fabrics

Some Theoretical Considerations of Cellulose Cross-Linking

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