The Relation of Religious Affiliation, Service Attendance, and Other Factors to Homophobic Attitudes among University Students

Cultural Capital and Attitudes Toward Homosexuals: Exploring the Relation Between Lifestyles and Homonegativity

“…It has been argued that it is not contact with LGBTs that cause people to be less homonegative (the classical contact hypothesis), but rather that it is the other way around: less homonegative people are more likely to have contact with LGBTs (Besen & Zicklin, 2007). Although the causality of the contact hypothesis has been confirmed for ethnic minorities and racism (Pettigrew & Tropp, 2006), this may not be the case for homonegativity, as homosexuality is a rather invisible trait (Finlay & Walther, 2003). Next to the 'invisibility' of being homosexual, 'outing' is a factor that needs consideration.…”

“…Secondly, religious affiliation is related with homonegativism (Besen & Zicklin, 2007;Finlay & Walther, 2003). For example, Protestants have been shown to be more homonegative than Catholics (Finlay & Walther, 2003). Finally, the frequency of attendance at religious services is positively correlated with homonegativity (Besen & Zicklin, 2007;Olson et al, 2006).…”

“…extrinsic religion) (Besen & Zicklin, 2007;Mak & Tsang, 2008). Secondly, religious affiliation is related with homonegativism (Besen & Zicklin, 2007;Finlay & Walther, 2003). For example, Protestants have been shown to be more homonegative than Catholics (Finlay & Walther, 2003).…”

“…Last but not least, there is contact with LGBTs, the lack of which is often seen as the most important explanation of homonegativity (Besen & Zicklin, 2007;Finlay & Walther, 2003;Herek, 1991Herek, , 2007Herek & Glunt, 1993;Lemm, 2006;Overby & Barth, 2002).…”

“…In sociological studies, homonegativity (and/or homophobia) is frequently explained by five factors: religion, gender, age, education, and contact with LGBTs (Finlay & Walther, 2003;Herek, 2007;Sears, 1997), which we will refer to as the standard model of homonegativity. In addition, there are studies suggesting a cultural component of homonegativity (see e.g.…”