The relation of raindrop‐size to intensity

Laws, Jason; Parsons, Donald A.

doi:10.1029/tr024i002p00452

Cited by 789 publications

(397 citation statements)

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“…The flour method of Laws and Parsons (1943) as adapted by Kohl (1974) was used to obtain the independent droplet data set for comparison purposes. Measured droplet sizes ranged from 0.33 to 5.95 mm in 0.08-mm increments for the smallest droplets to a 1.01-mm increment at the upper end of the measurement range.…”

Section: Droplet Size Measurementsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Measurement of Sprinkler Droplet Size

DeBoer¹,

Monnens²,

Kincaid³

2001

Applied Engineering in Agriculture

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Section: Droplet Size Measurementsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Measurement of Sprinkler Droplet Size

DeBoer¹,

Monnens²,

Kincaid³

2001

Applied Engineering in Agriculture

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“…This attenuation depends on the dropsize of rain or snow. The most commonly used raindrop size distributions that have been proposed by Marshal and Palmer [22]. Rain or snow does not influence optical transmissions heavily, because they have the size of a few millimeters and are relatively large compared to laser wavelengths (1.5 microns) and thus cause minimal scattering of the laser energy.…”

Section: Atmospheric Losses and Weather Influencesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Free Space Optic and mmWave Communications: Technologies, Challenges and Applications

Ismail

Leitgeb

Plank

2016

IEICE Trans. Commun.

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SUMMARY Increasing demand in data-traffic has been addressed over the last few years. It is expected that the data-traffic will present the significant part of the total backbone traffic. Accordingly, much more transmission systems will be required to support this growth. A free space optic (FSO) communication is the greatest promising technology supporting high-speed and high-capacity transport networks. It can support multi Gbit/s for few kilometers transmission distance. The benefits of an FSO system are widespread, low cost, flexibility, immunity to electromagnetic field, fast deployment, security, etc. However, it suffers from some drawbacks, which limit the deployment of FSO links. The main drawback in FSO is the degradation in the signal quality because of atmospheric channel impairments. In addition, it is high sensitive for illumination noise coming from external sources such as sun and lighting systems. It is more benefit that FSO and mmWave are operating as a complementary solution that is known as hybrid FSO/mmWave links. Whereas the mmWave is susceptible to heavy rain conditions and oxygen absorption, while fog has no particular effect. This paper will help to better understand the FSO and mmWave technologies and applications operating under various atmospheric conditions. Furthermore, in order to improve the system performance and availability, several modulation schemes will be discussed. In addition to, the hybrid FSO/mmWave with different diversity combining techniques are presented.

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“…The modeling of the DSD varies from one climate to another. Drop size distribution modeling in temperate region; characterized by moderate rainfall is well suitable with models such as proposed by Marshall and Palmer [3], Laws and Parsons [4] and the negative exponential model of gamma [5].The modeling of DSD in the tropical region is most suitable with the globally accepted Ajayi and Olsen [6] lognormal model. In Durban, South Africa, a reasonable number of works have been carried out on rainfall attenuation and DSD [7][8][9][10][11][12] establishing the suitability of the lognormal and gamma models for DSD modeling in the region.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Regime Analysis of Critical Raindrop Diameters for Rainfall Attenuation in Southern Africa

Adetan

Obiyemi

2016

Bulletin EEI

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IntroductionRain has been identified as one of the major and important parameters affecting the propagation of signals in the microwave (3-30 GHz) and millimeter (30-300 GHz) wave bands. Other rain factors such as the canting angle, drop size and raindrop shapes also have profound effects on waves propagating in these bands at extremely high frequencies [1]. The specific rainfall attenuation is often predicted from three parameters, which are; the frequency, rain rate and polarization, where the population of the raindrops is represented by the single parameter, rainfall rate [2]. A good knowledge of the drop size distribution (DSD) is very essential in the estimation of the rainfall attenuation at these radio frequency bands because it governs all the microwave and rainfall integral relations. The modeling of the DSD varies from one climate to another. Drop size distribution modeling in temperate region; characterized by moderate rainfall is well suitable with models such as proposed by Marshall and Palmer [3], Laws and Parsons [4] and the negative exponential model of gamma [5].The modeling of DSD in the tropical region is most suitable with the globally accepted Ajayi and Olsen [6] lognormal model. In Durban, South Africa, a reasonable number of works have been carried out on rainfall attenuation and DSD [7][8][9][10][11][12] establishing the suitability of the lognormal and gamma models for DSD modeling in the region. Similarly, various approaches and models have been adopted by some researchers across the globe to investigate the particular contributions of certain raindrop diameters to the specific rain attenuation [13][14][15][16][17]. The influence of critical raindrop diameters on the specific rainfall attenuation in Durban, South Africa using various rainfall regimes is analyzed in this work. Different rain rate values representing drizzle (below 5mm/h), widespread (5-20 mm/h) shower (20-50 mm/h) and thunderstorm (above 50 mm/h) as classified according to [6,18] are selected for the purpose of analysis over the measured raindrop size distribution. The three-parameter lognormal and gamma DSD models with shape parameter of 2 as determined in [12] for Durban, South Africa are used to represent the measured DSD, N(D).

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The relation of raindrop‐size to intensity

Cited by 789 publications

References 2 publications

Measurement of Sprinkler Droplet Size

Measurement of Sprinkler Droplet Size

Free Space Optic and mmWave Communications: Technologies, Challenges and Applications

Regime Analysis of Critical Raindrop Diameters for Rainfall Attenuation in Southern Africa

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