The relation of overt muscular discharge to physiological recovery from experimentally induced displacement.

Aspects of reinforcement through UCS offset in classical aversive conditioning

“…An unexpected feature of the data was the significant increase in the strength of the response to shock over the first four shock-alone trials. One explanation of this result is in terms of muscular activity following the shock, which has been found to be inversely related to the strength of the GSR (Freeman & Pathman, 1942) and which was observed in the present study to decrease over trials (Ss having been instructed at the outset to keep their hand as still as possible).…”

The effects of avoidability and unavoidably of punishment on stimulus selection

“…Further support for this position derives from the demonstration (Freeman & Pathman, 1942) that even activity which appears to be maladaptive is associated with more rapid recovery from stress than is complete immobility.…”

Electrical Resistance of the Skin During Induced Emotional Stress

“…In our studies it was found that refusal to allow the subject to speak or act (6,11) played an important role in the transformation of what objectively seemed an innocuous situation (the laboratory and a silent doctor) into one which made some of our patients tense. Most investigators have used the interview method: the subject is first engaged in an interview in which "neutral" topics are discussed; this is followed by a "stress" interview in which emotional material pertaining to the patient's life situation is brought up, after which a third period is devoted to restoring the subject's security by strong reassurance on the part of the investigator.…”