The relation of muscle action potentials to difficulty and frustration.

Electroencephalography and physiological psychology: evaluation and statement of problem.

“…This would mean that intraindividual variability in the EEG can occur without known peripheral stimuli being present. 11 Jasper and Shagass (33) have apparently confirmed and extended these observations. They investigated simple, cyclic, delayed, trace, differential, differential delayed, and backward conditioning.…”

Inner Speech and Thought

“…Subsequently, similar experiments, involving electromyographic recording of the tone of various muscles during mental work or while performing imaginary operations, were carried out by a number of other researchers as well (Shaw [265]; Aserinsky and Kleitman [204]). Along with the specific (local) tension of individual muscles or muscle groups directly involved in speech, visual, or specific proprioceptive activity, there was observed also an overall increase in muscle tone, e.g., in the hands and neck (DaViS [218]), which seemed to point to a manifestation of diffused excitation on the part of the sympathetic division of the autonomic nervous system (Woodworth and Schlosberg [282: 816-817]). Subsequent experiments increasingly convinced the researchers, however, that, unlike the diffused autonomic innervation, the action potentials of speech musculature were bound up directly with the phonation and articulation mechanism of speech.…”

The Psychomotor Theory of Human Mind

“…Paillard (1955) found that the number of motoneurones increased during mental arithmetical calculations: the T-reflex amplitude enhanced, but there was no change in the H-reflex (Hoffmann reflex, a counterpart of the monosynaptic stretch reflex) amplitude. Considering handedness, Davis (1937) reported that arithmetical calculations produced EMG gradients in the right forearm extensor muscles in right-handers. As well known, the paired Hoffmann reflex produced by double shock stimulation of the tibial nerve provides a measure of motoneuronal excitability under a variety of experimental and clinical conditions.…”