The Relation of Altruistic Orientation to Human Relationships and Situational Factors in Chinese Children

Keung, Hing

doi:10.1080/00221325.1993.9914724

Cited by 12 publications

(16 citation statements)

References 13 publications

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“…Both dilemmas B and D are concerned with one's affective and altruistic orientation towards others. However, the cost to the actor in Dilemma B is one's life which is a high cost, but that in Dilemma D is a feeling of unfairness to the stranger in the bus and a sense of guilt and self-depreciation which is relatively low (Ma, 1993). The present finding indicate that the altruistic orientation of older children towards others in both dilemmas were lower than that of younger children.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 30%

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The Relation of Altruistic Orientation to Prosocial and Antisocial Behavior of Chinese Children

Keung

2007

PSYCHOLOGIA -An International Journal of Psychological Sciences

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Few studies in literature have explored the relation of altruistic orientation with prosocial and antisocial behavior of primary school and junior high school students in a single design. The present study attempted to fill this research gap. In particular, the present study also investigates the relation of human relationships and altruism with prosocial and delinquent behavior across different situations. The major findings are summarized as follows: (1) Delinquent behavior increased with age but prosocial behavior did not change significantly with age. (2) The tendency of an actor to sacrifice his or her life for a recipient decreased with age, and it associated negatively with delinquent behavior. (3) The tendency of an actor to give up rescuing a stranger and turn to rescue another stranger or an enemy in danger decreased with age, and it associated negatively with delinquent behavior. (4) The tendency of an actor to help a recipient by covering up his or her crime increased with age, and it associated positively with delinquent behavior. (5) The altruistic orientation did not correlate significantly with prosocial behavior.Key words: altruistic orientation, prosocial behavior, antisocial behavior Do moral orientations in hypothetical dilemmas predict real-life prosocial and antisocial behavior? If the measures of moral orientation do predict effectively the social behavior of children, then it may be possible to foster the development of moral orientation in order to increase the frequency of prosocial behavior and to decrease or prevent the occurrence of antisocial behavior. The present study investigates the relation of altruistic orientation to prosocial and antisocial behavior. The findings may provide some insights for educators and psychologists to help children develop a positive social behavior pattern.Generally speaking, the altruistic orientation is concerned with some important features of the affective and motivational aspects of moral development. In this study, the altruistic orientations were studied by using a set of hypothetical moral dilemmas. The present study focuses on the altruistic orientation toward people of different relationships in different dilemma situations. The following Hierarchy of Human Relationships is hypothetically constructed for the present study: R1 = First kin, close relatives; R2 = Best friends or intimates; R3 = Strangers who are very weak (e.g., a blind person) or very young (e.g., a small child of six years old), or who are elites of the society (e.g., a famous

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 30%

“…Moral Development Test The Moral Development Test (MDT) consisted of five dilemmas: (a) a lost bag; (b) the sinking boat; (c) a doctor's dilemma; (d) car accident; and (e) the criminal (Ma, 1982;1992;1993;2003). Three of the dilemmas, (b), (d), and (e), were used in this study.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

The Relation of Altruistic Orientation to Prosocial and Antisocial Behavior of Chinese Children

Keung

2007

PSYCHOLOGIA -An International Journal of Psychological Sciences

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“…Ma’s (70) data provided clear empirical support to the above hierarchy of human relationships in two hypothetical dilemma situations. In another study on the relation of altruistic orientation to human relationships and moral judgment in Chinese people, his data supported the following three hypotheses: “(1) the altruistic orientation of an actor at any level of moral judgment is larger to a recipient of closer relationship in any situation; (2) an actor at a higher level of moral judgment would be more willing to sacrifice their life for any recipient than an actor at a lower level of moral judgment; (3) an actor at a higher level of moral judgment would be willing to: (a) give up rescuing a stranger and turn to rescue close relatives or best friends; or (b) help close relatives or best friends by covering up their crime than an actor at a lower level of moral judgment” [(71), p. 377].…”

Section: Altruism and Human Relationshipsmentioning

confidence: 87%

The Moral Development of the Child: An Integrated Model

Keung

2013

Front. Public Health

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Previous theories of moral development such as those by Piaget and Kohlberg usually focused on the cognitive or rational aspect, and seldom included the affective aspect in their construction. The characteristics of the stages of moral development in the present paper are elaborated with special reference to psychological needs, altruism and human relationships, and justice reasoning. The three stages are: (1) Physical Survival, Selfishness, and Obedience, (2) Love Needs, Reciprocal Altruism, and Instrumental Purpose; and (3) Belongingness Needs, Primary Group Altruism, and Mutual Interpersonal Expectations. At Stage 1, a deep and profound attachment to parents, empathy toward the significant others, and obedience to authorities all contribute to the physical survival of a person at this stage. People at Stage 2 are self-protective, dominant, exploitative, and opportunistic. The need to love and to be loved is gratified on the basis of reciprocal altruism. People at Stage 3 have a strong desire to gratify their belongingness needs to a primary group. They are willing to sacrifice for the benefits of the group at great cost. While the psychological needs and altruism are related to the affective aspect of moral development, the justice reasoning is related to the cognitive aspect. The proposed theoretical model attempts to integrate the affective and cognitive aspects of moral development, and prototypic responses to questions related to hypothetical moral dilemmas are presented to substantiate the proposed stage structures. It is hypothesized that the sequence of these three stages is invariant of person and culture.

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“…Much of the research involving these types of ''one-shot deals'' have focused on low-risk, low-cost behaviors, or ''small acts of kindness'' (Bierhoff, Klein, & Kramp, 1991;Miller, Eisenberg, Fabes, & Shell, 1996). In addition, many of these laboratory investigations have involved hypothetical situations, rather than situations requiring a genuine need for help (Cialdini, Brown, Lewis, Luce, & Neuberg, 1997;Ma, 1993;Midlarsky, Hannah, & Corley, 1995). Finally, most studies have examined situations in which respondents had opportunities to help others who were quite similar to the respondents.…”

Section: Personality Correlates Of Heroic Rescue During the Holocaustmentioning

confidence: 99%

Personality Correlates of Heroic Rescue During the Holocaust

Midlarsky

Jones

Corley

2005

Journal of Personality

122

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This study investigated the extent to which personality variables can be used to discriminate non-Jewish heroes of the Holocaust from bystanders and from a comparison group of prewar European immigrants who left their countries of origin prior to World War II. Eighty verified rescuers, 73 bystanders, and 43 immigrants were administered measures of locus of control, autonomy, risk taking, social responsibility, tolerance/authoritarianism, empathy, and altruistic moral reasoning. A three-group discriminant function analysis was able to correctly classify 80.2% of the sample by a combination of personality and demographic variables. When the bystanders and immigrants, who differed very little from each other, were grouped together and compared to the rescuers, the personality variables alone correctly classified 93.1% of the sample. Implications regarding the relationship between personality and altruistic behavior, as well as suggestions for future research are discussed.

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The Relation of Altruistic Orientation to Human Relationships and Situational Factors in Chinese Children

Cited by 12 publications

References 13 publications

The Relation of Altruistic Orientation to Prosocial and Antisocial Behavior of Chinese Children

The Relation of Altruistic Orientation to Prosocial and Antisocial Behavior of Chinese Children

The Moral Development of the Child: An Integrated Model

Personality Correlates of Heroic Rescue During the Holocaust

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