The relation between the surface electromyogram and muscular force.

Milner-Brown, H. S.; Stein, Richard B.

doi:10.1113/jphysiol.1975.sp010904

Cited by 569 publications

(239 citation statements)

References 24 publications

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“…The contribution made by the changes in probability of firing of each unit depends in part on the size of its action potential. Recording with surface electrodes, units recruited at low levels of contraction strength have smaller action potentials than those recruited later and therefor individually contribute less to the total electrical activity (Milner-Brown & Stein, 1975). The contribution made by an individual unit also depends on its rate of firing, the faster the firing rate the larger the changes in its probability of firing to a given stimulus.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

The reflex responses of single motor units in human first dorsal interosseous muscle following cutaneous afferent stimulation.

Garnett¹,

Stephens²

1980

The Journal of Physiology

271

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SUMMARY1. Changes in the probability of firing of motor units active during voluntary muscle contraction have been studied in human first dorsal interosseous muscle in response to cutaneous afferent stimulation.2. Electrical stimulation of the digital nerves of the index finger produces a reflex response consisting of three phases, early excitation followed by inhibition followed by late excitation.3. Motor units recruited at low levels of voluntary contraction strength had larger early inhibitory and larger late excitatory responses than those recruited at higher levels of force.4. Taking together the size of the short latency excitatory and inhibitory responses, units recruited at low levels of voluntary contraction strength and with slow twitch contraction times had predominantly inhibitory responses. In contrast, units in which the short latency excitatory response predominated had fast twitch contraction times and were recruited at high levels of contraction strength.5. It is concluded that for the cutaneous reflex pathway there are differences in the balance of excitatory and inhibitory sets of interneurones impinging on first dorsal interosseous motoneurones which are related to the kind of muscle unit innervated.

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Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

The reflex responses of single motor units in human first dorsal interosseous muscle following cutaneous afferent stimulation.

Garnett¹,

Stephens²

1980

The Journal of Physiology

271

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“…Bigland-Ritchie & Woods (1974) and Hendriksson & Bonde-Petersen (1974) have also shown a linear relationship with oxygen uptake during bicycle pedalling. While the underlying explanation in terms of motor unit recruitment and changes in motor unit firing frequency is as yet incomplete (Bigland-Ritchie & Woods, 1974;Milner-Brown & Stein, 1975), changes in the slope of the relationship between force and integrated e.m.g. can certainly be related to changes in muscle fibre contractile force.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Integrated electromyogram and oxygen uptake during positive and negative work.

Bigland-Ritchie¹,

Woods²

1976

The Journal of Physiology

259

157

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SUMMARY1. Integrated electromyogram (e.m.g.) from the vastus lateralis muscles, and steady-state rates of oxygen uptake, were measured simultaneously during the performance of set rates of positive (concentric) and negative (eccentric) work at 50 rev/min on a motorized bicycle ergometer.2. Similar experiments were also carried out at other pedalling rates and using other leg muscles.3. The relationships between each of the variables (integrated e.m.g., oxygen consumption) and mean torque on pedals were found to be lineal (r > 0-98) with a remarkable degree of reproducibility in surface e.m.g. for each subject over several months.4. The ratio of the e.m.g. slopes at 50 rev/min (positive/negative) was 1-96 + 0-12 while the same ratio for the oxygen uptake slopes was 6-34 + 0-82. The discrepancy between the ratios suggests that not only is less muscle fibre activity required to maintain the same exerted force during negative work exercise, but there is also a substantial reduction in the oxygen uptake when the fibres are stretched. This was observed for all speeds of pedalling.

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“…19,29,37,46 In this study, concentric contractions were evaluated and it must be recognized that there may have been changes in the EMG recording due to changing muscle length and speed of contraction.…”

Section: Limitationsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Surface Electromyographic Analysis of Exercises for the Trapezius and Serratus Anterior Muscles

Ekstrom¹,

Donatelli²,

Soderberg³

2003

J Orthop Sports Phys Ther

321

189

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Study Design: This study used a prospective, single-group repeated-measures design to analyze differences between the electromyographic (EMG) amplitudes produced by exercises for the trapezius and serratus anterior muscles. Objective: To identify high-intensity exercises that elicit the greatest level of EMG activity in the trapezius and serratus anterior muscles. Background: The trapezius and serratus anterior muscles are considered to be the only upward rotators of the scapula and are important for normal shoulder function. Electromyographic studies have been performed for these muscles during active and low-intensity exercises, but they have not been analyzed during high intensity exercises. Methods and Measures:Surface electrodes recorded EMG activity of the upper, middle, and lower trapezius and serratus anterior muscles during 10 exercises in 30 healthy subjects. Results: The unilateral shoulder shrug exercise was found to produce the greatest EMG activity in the upper trapezius. For the middle trapezius, the greatest EMG amplitudes were generated with 2 exercises: shoulder horizontal extension with external rotation and the overhead arm raise in line with the lower trapezius muscle in the prone position. The arm raise overhead exercise in the prone position produced the maximum EMG activity in the lower trapezius. The serratus anterior was activated maximally with exercises requiring a great amount of upward rotation of the scapula. The exercises were shoulder abduction in the plane of the scapula above 120°and a diagonal exercise with a combination of shoulder flexion, horizontal flexion, and external rotation. Conclusion: This study identified exercises that maximally activate the trapezius and serratus anterior muscles. This information may be helpful for clinicians in developing exercise programs for these muscles.

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The relation between the surface electromyogram and muscular force.

Cited by 569 publications

References 24 publications

The reflex responses of single motor units in human first dorsal interosseous muscle following cutaneous afferent stimulation.

The reflex responses of single motor units in human first dorsal interosseous muscle following cutaneous afferent stimulation.

Integrated electromyogram and oxygen uptake during positive and negative work.

Surface Electromyographic Analysis of Exercises for the Trapezius and Serratus Anterior Muscles

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