The relation between the ghrelin receptor and FOXP3 in bladder cancer

Karimi, Monireh; Heshmati, Masoud; Fattahi, Soheila; Bagheri, Nader; Alibeigi, Faramarz Mohammad; Taheri, Fatemeh; Anjomshoa, Maryam; Jami, Mohammad‐Saeid; Samani, Mahdi Ghatreh

doi:10.1080/10520295.2020.1799074

Cited by 6 publications

(6 citation statements)

References 31 publications

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“…Data from colon cancer cells have shown similar outcomes, where AG-induced proliferation has been shown to act through the GHSR-1a dependent Ras/PI3K/Akt/mTOR pathway [15]. In bladder cancer tissue, GHSR-1a is also highly expressed, and ghrelin induces immunosuppressive T regulatory cells, which would promote cancer cell proliferation [34]. Together, these studies suggest that circulating AG may initiate downstream effects in the body that ultimately lead to cancer proliferation.…”

Section: Acylated Ghrelin (Ag) and Unacylated Ghrelin (Uag)mentioning

confidence: 83%

“…In addition to evaluating ghrelin's role in cancer cell proliferation, an increasing number of studies have attempted to determine ghrelin's role in cancer cachexia. Cachexia, a complex muscle wasting syndrome, remains a major issue in patients with advanced cancers [34,58,59]. A recent study investigating the therapeutic effects of AG and UAG in a murine model found that administration of AG and UAG improved nutritional status and partially reversed the effects of cachectic muscle wasting [72].…”

Section: Ghrelin In the Prevention Of Cancer Cachexiamentioning

confidence: 99%

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Ghrelin and Cancer: Examining the Roles of the Ghrelin Axis in Tumor Growth and Progression

et al. 2022

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Ghrelin, a hormone produced and secreted from the stomach, is prim arily known as an appetite stimulant. Recently, it has emerged as a potential regulator/biomarker of cancer progression. Inconsistent results on this subject make this body of literature difficult to interpret. Here, we attempt to identify commonalities in the relationships between ghrelin and various cancers, and summarize important considerations for future research. The main players in the ghrelin family axis are unacylated ghrelin (UAG), acylated ghrelin (AG), the enzyme ghrelin O-acyltransferase (GOAT), and the growth hormone secretagogue receptor (GHSR). GOAT is responsible for the acylation of ghrelin, after which ghrelin can bind to the functional ghrelin receptor GHSR-1a to initiate the activation cascade. Splice variants of ghrelin also exist, with the most prominent being In1-ghrelin. In this review, we focus primarily on the potential of In1-ghrelin as a biomarker for cancer progression, the unique characteristics of UAG and AG, the importance of the two known receptor variants GHSR-1a and 1b, as well as the possible mechanisms through which the ghrelin axis acts. Further understanding of the role of the ghrelin axis in tumor cell proliferation could lead to the development of novel therapeutic approaches for various cancers.

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Section: Acylated Ghrelin (Ag) and Unacylated Ghrelin (Uag)mentioning

confidence: 83%

Section: Ghrelin In the Prevention Of Cancer Cachexiamentioning

confidence: 99%

Ghrelin and Cancer: Examining the Roles of the Ghrelin Axis in Tumor Growth and Progression

et al. 2022

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“…Ghrelin, a widely distributed peptide hormone, participates in a series of cancer progression [27] , GHRL plays a vital role in carcinogenic potential, which was correlated with breast cancer, lung cancer, bladder cancer, and adrenal cancer [17][18][19][20] . There is an increasing evidence implicating an immunoregulatory role for ghrelin.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Dixit et al found that ghrelin and its receptor (GHSR)were expressed in T cells and monocytes, ghrelin inhibited the expression of proin ammatory cytokines TNF-a and IL-6, and inhibited in ammatory reactions [12] . It has been con rmed that the stomach was indeed not the only source of ghrelin [13] , hypothalamus, hippocampus, pituitary gland, cortex, small intestine, and pancreas can also secrete a small amount of ghrelin [14][15][16] , GHRL plays important roles in the development of tumors, and aberrant GHRL expression has been found in various cancers, such as breast cancer [17] , lung cancer [18] , bladder cancer [19] , and adrenal cancer [20] . At present, there were some researchers who found that ghrelin affects cancer cell proliferation, migration, and invasion through different signaling pathways [21][22][23][24] .…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

GHRL as a Prognostic Biomarker Correlated With Immune Infiltrates and Progression of Precancerous Lesions in Gastric Cancer

Wang

Dingwei

Xie

2022

Preprint

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Objective ghrelin is a protein that regulate appetite and energy balance in the human body, which is encoded by the ghrelin prepropeptide gene (GHRL). GHRL is linked with carcinogenesis and immune regulation. However, the correlation of GHRL to prognosis and tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes in gastric cancer remains unclear. Materials and methods In this study, we assessed the transcriptional expression, protein expression, prognosis, different clinicopathological features and co-expressed genes about GHRL, the correlation between GHRL and tumor infiltration immune cells in GC patients based on the data published in the following databases: TIMER, GEPIA, GEO, UALCAN, TISIDB, Kaplan–Meier Plotter and HPA databases. Results We found that GHRL expression in GC samples was lower than in normal samples. However, sample type, cancer stage, and worse survival were correlated to high GHRL expression. We also found that the expression of GHRL in dysplasia was significantly lower than that in CNAG and in GC. A total of 10 hub genes were identified from the co-expressed genes, including GHRH, GHSR, CCK, GPR39, MBOAT4, UCN, LEP, INS, GH1 and IGF1. High GHRL expression was connected with immunomodulators, chemokines, and infiltrating levels of B cells, CD8 + T cells, CD4 + T cells, macrophages, neutrophils, and dendritic cells in GC. Conclusions GHRL is a prognostic biomarker for GC patients, and it is correlated with progression of precancerous lesions in GC. It might lead to poor prognosis by regulating tumor immune microenvironment. Studies are important to explore therapeutic targeting GHRL in the future.

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“…found that ghrelin and its receptor (GHSR) were expressed in T cells and monocytes; ghrelin inhibited the expression of proinflammatory cytokines tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-a) and interleukin (IL)-6 and inhibited inflammatory reactions ( 12 ). It has been confirmed that the stomach was indeed not the only source of ghrelin ( 13 ); hypothalamus, hippocampus, pituitary gland, cortex, small intestine, and pancreas can also secrete a small amount of ghrelin ( 14 – 16 ), GHRL plays important roles in the development of tumors, and aberrant GHRL expression has been found in various cancers, such as breast cancer ( 17 ), lung cancer ( 18 ), bladder cancer ( 19 ), and adrenal cancer ( 20 ). At present, there were some researchers who found that ghrelin affects cancer cell proliferation, migration, and invasion through different signaling pathways ( 21 – 24 ).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

GHRL as a prognostic biomarker correlated with immune infiltrates and progression of precancerous lesions in gastric cancer

2023

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ObjectiveGhrelin is a protein that regulate appetite and energy balance in the human body, which is encoded by the ghrelin prepropeptide gene (GHRL). GHRL is linked with carcinogenesis and immune regulation. However, the correlation of GHRL to prognosis and tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes in gastric cancer (GC) remains unclear.MethodsIn this study, we assessed the transcriptional expression, prognosis, and different clinicopathological features about GHRL and the correlation between GHRL and tumor infiltration immune cells in GC patients based on the data published in the following databases: TIMER, GEPIA, GEO, STRING, UALCAN, TISIDB, and Kaplan–Meier Plotter. Furthermore, R software analysis for GC Correa’ cascade was also provided. Finally, GHRL expression in GC tissues was assayed using quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction and immunohistochemistry.ResultsWe found that GHRL expression in GC samples was lower than in normal samples and verified by quantitative PCR (qPCR) and immunohistochemistry. However, sample type, cancer stage, and worse survival were correlated to high GHRL expression. We also found that the expression of GHRL in dysplasia was significantly lower than that in CNAG and in GC. High GHRL expression was connected with immunomodulators, chemokines, and infiltrating levels of B cells, CD8+ T cells, CD4+ T cells, macrophages, neutrophils, and dendritic cells in GC.ConclusionsGHRL is a prognostic biomarker for GC patients, and it is correlated with progression of precancerous lesions in GC. It might lead to poor prognosis by regulating tumor immune microenvironment. Studies are important to explore therapeutic targeting GHRL in the future.

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The relation between the ghrelin receptor and FOXP3 in bladder cancer

Cited by 6 publications

References 31 publications

Ghrelin and Cancer: Examining the Roles of the Ghrelin Axis in Tumor Growth and Progression

Ghrelin and Cancer: Examining the Roles of the Ghrelin Axis in Tumor Growth and Progression

GHRL as a Prognostic Biomarker Correlated With Immune Infiltrates and Progression of Precancerous Lesions in Gastric Cancer

GHRL as a prognostic biomarker correlated with immune infiltrates and progression of precancerous lesions in gastric cancer

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