“…In the case of multimedia learning and digital text, the reader has to select and construct a unique sequence through the instruction (Lawless & Brown, 1997). Some research on learner-controlled instruction suggests that learners benefit from a higher amount of control over the instructional pace and sequence (Gray, 1987;Hannafin & Sullivan, 1996;Kinzie, Sullivan, & Berdel, 1988;Lawless & Brown, 1997;Nist et al, 1991). In contrast, there is evidence that learner-controlled instruction does not benefit the learner academically (Morrison, Ross, & Baldwin, 1992;Pollock & Sullivan, 1990;Ross & Rakow, 1981).…”