The relation between organochlorine residues in animal feeds and residues in tissues, milk and eggs: a review

Noble, AD

doi:10.1071/ea9900145

Cited by 14 publications

(12 citation statements)

References 51 publications

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“…The transfer ratio for total DDT determined in whole eggs was between 1.3 and 1.6 (Noble, 1990). In laying hens fed diets containing 5 mg/kg feed of p,p '-DDT, o,p'-DDT or p,p'-DDE for 28 weeks, the concentrations in eggs reached equilibrium at 12 weeks and were approximately equal to dietary level for the p,p '-DDT and p,p'-DDE diets (Cecil et al, 1972).…”

Section: Transfer Into Milk and Eggsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…However, the presence of DDT residues in tissues, eggs or milk of animals dietary exposed to these chlorinated compounds (Noble, 1990) indicates that gastrointestinal absorption occurred at a high extent in these species.…”

Section: Absorptionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…These ratios, calculated on p,p'-DDT + p,p'-DDE residues in abdominal or subcutaneous fat and p,p'-DDT in the feed varied from 2.2 in sheep to 6 -30 for broilers. More recently, Noble (1990) calculated, based on older published data, accumulation ratios for DDT in beef cattle, poultry and pigs. The reported values were 0.7 -0.9, 11 -12 and 0.4, respectively.…”

Section: Tissue Levels and Bioaccumulationmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…maximum concentration in milk), 25.8 % of the p,p'-DDE, 7.6 % of the p,p'-DDD and 5.1 % of the p,p'-DDT were excreted in the milk. Noble (1990) derived transfer ratios (concentration in milk or eggs relative to the concentration in the diet) from trials which have involved feeding DDT to dairy cattle and laying hens. The ratio of DDT calculated for whole milk was 0.11, whereas the values reported on a milk fat basis were within a 1.5 -2.7 range.…”

Section: Transfer Into Milk and Eggsmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Opinion of the Scientific Panel on contaminants in the food chain [CONTAM] related to DDT as an undesirable substance in animal feed

2006

EFS2

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European countries for most uses in the early 1970s. The use of DDT as a pesticide has been very restrictive since 1981 and banned since 1986 in the EU. Although being banned in most countries worldwide, DDT is still used for vector control especially in areas with endemic malaria, and extended use was recently recommended by WHO for indoor residual spraying to control malaria.Because of the lipophilic properties and persistence in the environment, DDΤ and related compounds are bioaccumulated and biomagnified along the food chain. DDT is included in the Stockholm convention on persistent organic pollutants (POPs) 1 and the United Nations Economic Commission for Europe (UNECE) Convention on long-range transboundary air pollution protocol on POPs (CLRTAP-POP).DDT is readily absorbed in humans and animals; the half-life for DDT varies from one month in rats to four years in humans. In animals and humans DDE is generally more persistent than DDT. DDT and related compounds are transferred to milk and egg and accumulate in domestic animals and fish. DDT has low acute toxicity to mammals and most bird species.The main target organs are the nervous system and the liver. It also affects hormonal tissues, reproduction, fetal development and the immune system. DDT including p,p'-DDE and DDD cause tumours mainly in the liver of experimental animals and are mostly negative in In its evaluation of DDT, the CONTAM Panel examined occurrence data to assess the levels that are currently found in the environment and in food and feed. Feed materials of animal origin, especially fish derived products, are in general more contaminated than feed materials of plant origin. In feed samples of animal origin the metabolite p,p'-DDE normally represents more than 50 % of sum of DDT. A considerable lower contribution of p,p'-DDE to the sum of DDT may indicate recent use of DDT. Samples of plant origin are generally dominated by the parent compound p,p'-DDT. Feed commodities including fish derived products generally contain levels in the low μg/kg range and thus are far below those that have been found to cause adverse effects in fish and domestic animals. However, it can not be excluded that elevated levels may be found in feed commodities that originate from areas where DDT has recently been or still is used.Despite its presence in the environment, many foodstuffs and animal feed, the data show a considerable decline of up to 90 % in human exposure to DDT and related compounds over the past three decades. Food of animal origin is the major source of human exposure and recent studies performed in some EU Member States indicate a mean dietary intake for adults and children of 5 -30 ng/kg b.w. per day. This exposure level is more than two orders of magnitude below the PTDI of 0.01 mg/kg b.w.

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Section: Transfer Into Milk and Eggsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Absorptionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Tissue Levels and Bioaccumulationmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Transfer Into Milk and Eggsmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Opinion of the Scientific Panel on contaminants in the food chain [CONTAM] related to DDT as an undesirable substance in animal feed

2006

EFS2

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“…Transfer into milk and eggs Noble (1990) derived transfer ratios (concentration in milk or eggs relative to the concentration in the diet) from trials which have involved feeding HCB to dairy cattle and laying hens. The transfer ratio of HCB calculated on a milk fat basis was between 2.0 -10.5, and the transfer ratio determined for whole eggs was between 1.3 and 5.5.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Opinion of the Scientific Panel on contaminants in the food chain [CONTAM] related to Hexachlorobenzene as undesirable substance in animal feed

2006

EFSA Journal

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Organochlorine pesticide residues in poultry feed, chicken muscle and eggs at a poultry farm in Punjab, India

Aulakh¹,

Gill²,

Bedi³

et al. 2005

J Sci Food Agric

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Animals intended for human food may absorb pesticides from residues in their feed, water or during direct/indirect exposure in the course of pest control. The objective of the present investigation was to monitor organochlorine pesticide residues in poultry feed, chicken muscle and eggs at a selected poultry farm. The samples were Soxhlet extracted for 8 h in 200 mL hexane-acetone (1:1, v/v) mixture. The clean-up of the samples was performed by silica gel column chromatography and analysis was done on a gas chromatograph equipped with an electron capture detector. The mean total hexachlorocyclohexane (HCH) and dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane (DDT), endosulfan sulfate and heptachlor epoxide residues were 0.65, 0.91, 0.42 and 0.02 mg kg −1 , respectively, in feed while respective values for chicken muscle were 0.11, 0.24, 0.10 and 0.07 mg kg −1 . Higher residues were encountered in eggs as compared to muscle. None of the muscle samples exceeded maximum residue limits (MRL) for organochlorine pesticides, while all egg samples had values above the MRL for HCH and heptachlor epoxide and seven egg samples exceeded MRL for DDT residues. The results indicated that poultry feed could be one of the major sources of contamination for chicken and eggs. These residues are present despite complete ban on the use of technical HCH and DDT for agricultural purposes in India.

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The relation between organochlorine residues in animal feeds and residues in tissues, milk and eggs: a review

Cited by 14 publications

References 51 publications

Opinion of the Scientific Panel on contaminants in the food chain [CONTAM] related to DDT as an undesirable substance in animal feed

Opinion of the Scientific Panel on contaminants in the food chain [CONTAM] related to DDT as an undesirable substance in animal feed

Opinion of the Scientific Panel on contaminants in the food chain [CONTAM] related to Hexachlorobenzene as undesirable substance in animal feed

Organochlorine pesticide residues in poultry feed, chicken muscle and eggs at a poultry farm in Punjab, India

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