The relation between glutamine and the immunodepression observed in exercise

Castell, Linda M.; Newsholme, Eric A.

doi:10.1007/s007260170065

Cited by 28 publications

(21 citation statements)

References 55 publications

Supporting

Mentioning

Contrasting

Unclassified

Order By: Relevance

“…Variation in glutamine concentration over time was not significant in the BCAA trial, and it was significantly higher in the BCAA than in the placebo trial from 0 to 2 h after exercise, indicating that the BCAA supplement suppressed the exercise-induced decreases in plasma glutamine concentrations. Plasma glutamine is known as an important substrate for immune cells (9,10). Therefore, BCAA supplementation before exercise may play a role in supporting the immune system, although the relation between plasma glutamine levels and exercise-induced immune suppression is still controversial (11,12).…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Effects of Squat Exercise and Branched-Chain Amino Acid Supplementation on Plasma Free Amino Acid Concentrations in Young Women

Shimomura

Kobayashi

Mawatari

et al. 2009

J Nutr Sci Vitaminol

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

SummaryThe present study was conducted to examine alterations in plasma free amino acid concentrations induced by squat exercise and branched-chain amino acid (BCAA) supplementation in young, untrained female subjects. In the morning on the exercise session day, participants ingested drinks containing either BCAA (isoleucine : leucine : valine ϭ 1 : 2.3 : 1.2) or dextrin (placebo) at 0.1 g/kg body weight 15 min before a squat exercise session, which consisted of 7 sets of 20 squats, with 3 min intervals between sets. In the placebo trial, plasma BCAA concentrations were decreased subsequent to exercise, whereas they were significantly increased in the BCAA trial until 2 h after exercise. Marked changes in other free amino acids in response to squat exercise and BCAA supplementation were observed. In particular, plasma concentrations of methionine and aromatic amino acids were temporarily decreased in the BCAA trial, being significantly lower than those in the placebo trial. These results suggest that BCAA intake before exercise affects methionine and aromatic amino acid metabolism. Key Words squat exercise, branched-chain amino acids, plasma free amino acids, untrained young women It is well known that amino acid metabolism is affected by exercise ( 1 ). In particular, exercise has been shown to promote branched-chain amino acid (BCAA) catabolism in rats and humans ( 2 , 3 ). Therefore, the popularity of BCAAs as a supplement for people who practice sports is growing. However, despite the common use of BCAAs, little information is available with regard to the effects of BCAA intake on the concentrations of plasma components including free amino acids other than the BCAAs. In a recent study, we have found that BCAA supplementation before squat exercise noticeably suppressed the muscle pain that occurred on the next day after exercise and lasted for a few days (delayed-onset muscle soreness (DOMS)) in young, untrained women ( 4 ). In the present study, we examined alterations in the plasma concentrations of free amino acids induced by squat exercise and BCAA supplementation. Materials and MethodsExperiments were conducted essentially as described previously ( 4 ), except for the following points: (i) 12 young, healthy female volunteers who did not exercise in a regular basis participated in this study, (ii) the subjects ingested the test drink containing BCAA mixture or dextrin at 0.1 g/kg body weight, and (iii) blood samples were collected for preparations of plasma and serum before exercise and at several time points after exercise (see below). The compositions of the test drinks were as follows: a BCAA drink (200 mL) containing 5.5 g of a BCAA mixture (isoleucine, leucine, and valine at a ratio of 1 : 2.3 : 1.2 ( 5 )), 1 g instant green tea powder (Ajinomoto General Foods, Tokyo) and 1.2 g nonnutritive sweetener (Pal Sweet, Ajinomoto, Tokyo), and a placebo drink containing the same ingredients as the BCAA drink except for 5.5 g dextrin instead of the BCAAs ( 4 ). The age of the participants was 22.2 Ϯ 0.5 (mean...

show abstract

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Effects of Squat Exercise and Branched-Chain Amino Acid Supplementation on Plasma Free Amino Acid Concentrations in Young Women

Shimomura

Kobayashi

Mawatari

et al. 2009

J Nutr Sci Vitaminol

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

show abstract

“…74 Muscle tissue is the main glutamine depot containing 90% of the body's glutamine reserves and during catabolic stress in humans, muscles are a primary organ of glutamine synthesis and release to the blood. 75,76 Glutamine is the most abundant free amino acid in the body and it is critical for the proper functioning of the immune cells that utilize it at high rates for antigen presentation and cytokines production. 77,78 In addition, macrophage-derived cytokine stimulates glutamine synthesis in muscle cells.…”

Section: A Correspondence Between Immune and Muscle Cellsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Heat shock response and autophagy—cooperation and control

2015

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

Abbreviations: AKT, v-akt murine thymoma viral oncogene homolog 1; AMPK, adenosine monophosphate-activated protein kinase; ATG, autophagy-related; BECN1, Beclin 1, autophagy related; EIF4EBP1, eukaryotic translation initiation factor 4E binding protein 1; ER, endoplasmic reticulum; FOXO, forkhead box O; HSF1, heat shock transcription factor 1; HSP, heat shock protein; HSPA8/ HSC70, heat shock 70kDa protein 8; IL, interleukin; LC3, MAP1LC3, microtubule-associated protein 1 light chain 3; MTMR14/ hJumpy, myotubularin related protein 14; MTOR, mechanistic target of rapamycin; NR1D1/Rev-Erb-a, nuclear receptor subfamily 1, group D, member 1; PBMC, peripheral blood mononuclear cell; PPARGC1A/PGC-1a, peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor, gamma, coactivator 1 a; RHEB, Ras homolog enriched in brain; SOD, superoxide dismutase; SQSTM1/p62, sequestosome 1; TPR, translocated promoter region, nuclear basket protein; TSC, tuberous sclerosis complex; ULK1, unc-51 like autophagy activating kinase 1.Protein quality control (proteostasis) depends on constant protein degradation and resynthesis, and is essential for proper homeostasis in systems from single cells to whole organisms. Cells possess several mechanisms and processes to maintain proteostasis. At one end of the spectrum, the heat shock proteins modulate protein folding and repair. At the other end, the proteasome and autophagy as well as other lysosome-dependent systems, function in the degradation of dysfunctional proteins. In this review, we examine how these systems interact to maintain proteostasis. Both the direct cellular data on heat shock control over autophagy and the time course of exercise-associated changes in humans support the model that heat shock response and autophagy are tightly linked. Studying the links between exercise stress and molecular control of proteostasis provides evidence that the heat shock response and autophagy coordinate and undergo sequential activation and downregulation, and that this is essential for proper proteostasis in eukaryotic systems.

show abstract

“…It was found that the reduction of the glutamine concentration in an in vitro culture resulted in a decline in the pace of mononuclear blood cells division and reduced phagocytosis and cytokine production by macrophages [74]. On the basis of these reports, it can be assumed that the changes in the levels of glutamine could contribute to the weakening of the immune system observed after exercise [73].…”

Section: Metabolic Changesmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…This amino acid is the energy source for the immune system cells. Reducing the level of glutamine after a marathon may persist for 6-9 hours after the end of a run [73]. In addition, glutamine is a nitrogen source for purine and pyrimidine nucleotides synthesis, which facilitates proper proliferation of lymphocytes.…”

Section: Metabolic Changesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Odpowiedź układu immunologicznego człowieka na wysiłek fizyczny

Silva¹,

Pilch²,

Gryka³

et al. 2013

Kinesiology

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

The human immune system is quite complex with respect to its structure and function. A functional immune system is absolutely necessary to maintain the integrity of the human organism. Athletes are a very particular group of people: they are expected to be psychologically and physically prepared for challenges. Even slight immune disorders, e.g., during upper respiratory tract inflammation (URTI), can negatively affect their workouts and their performance during sports events. Unfortunately, authors of scientific reports present no uniform consensus regarding the impact of exercise on the immune system. It is widely accepted that a single exercise session modulates the immune system, whereas heavy exercise to the point of exhaustion suppresses the response of the immune system and moderate physical exercise stimulates immune functions. Following heavy and acute exercise, the most commonly described changes in the indexes of the immune system are: increased numbers of leukocytes (WBC), lymphocytosis with subsequent lymphocytopenia, neutrophilia, monocytosis, decreased IgA concentration in saliva, increased levels of certain cytokines in serum, and reduced phagocytic activity of neutrophils. Moreover, the enhanced activity of NK cells directly following exercise and a decrease in the NK number below normal levels while recovering from exercise have been reported. It has been suggested that physical training affects the immune system through several mechanisms: increased concentrations of steroid hormones (adrenaline, noradrenaline, cortisol, and growth hormone), muscle damage, reduced levels of glutamine in blood, and psychological stress.Układ odpornościowy człowieka pod względem swojej struktury i funkcji jest niezwykle skomplikowany. Sprawne działanie tego układu jest warunkiem koniecznym do utrzymania integralności ustroju.Sportowcy to szczególna grupa osób, od których wymaga się pełnej sprawności psychofizycznej, dlatego nawet niewielkie zaburzenia odporności, np. podczas infekcji górnych dróg oddechowych (URTI -ang. upper respiratory tract infection), mogą negatywnie wpłynąć na trening, skutkując poniesieniem strat w zawodach sportowych.Niestety wśród autorów publikacji nie ma pełnej zgody w kwestii wpływu wysiłku na system immunologiczny. Dominuje opinia, że jednorazowy wysiłek fizyczny wpływa modulująco na układ immunologiczny, przy czym ciężki wysiłek do wyczerpania osłabia odporność, a tymczasem umiarkowany wysiłek stymuluje funkcje odpornościowe. Najczęściej opisywane zmiany we wskaźnikach układu immunologicznego po ciężkich, intensywnych wysiłkach fizycznych dotyczą: wzrostu całkowitej liczby leukocytów (WBC), limfocytozy z późniejszą limfocytopenią, neutrofilii, -98 -monocytozy, zmniejszenia stężenia immunoglobuliny A (IgA) w ślinie, zwiększenia stężenia w surowicy niektórych cytokin, zmniejszenia aktywności fagocytarnej neutrofilów. Poza wyżej wymienionymi zmianami obserwuje się zwiększoną aktywność komórek NK (ang. natural killer) zaraz po wysiłku oraz spadek ich ilości poniżej wartości spoczynkowyc...

show abstract

The relation between glutamine and the immunodepression observed in exercise

Cited by 28 publications

References 55 publications

Effects of Squat Exercise and Branched-Chain Amino Acid Supplementation on Plasma Free Amino Acid Concentrations in Young Women

Effects of Squat Exercise and Branched-Chain Amino Acid Supplementation on Plasma Free Amino Acid Concentrations in Young Women

Heat shock response and autophagy—cooperation and control

Odpowiedź układu immunologicznego człowieka na wysiłek fizyczny

Contact Info

Product

Resources

About