The Relation Between Brain Activity During Memory Tasks and Years of Education in Young and Older Adults.

Springer, Mellanie V.; McIntosh, Anthony R.; Winocur, Gordon; Grady, Cheryl L.

doi:10.1037/0894-4105.19.2.181

Cited by 129 publications

(136 citation statements)

References 64 publications

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“…Similarly, in two recent ERP studies of retrieval, older adults demonstrated a larger and temporally sustained left inferior frontal negativity that was not observed in the young [49,65]. Although the distribution of ERP effects on the scalp does not allow firm conclusions about their neuronal origin, the fact that this latter negativity was absent for patients with left prefrontal lesions in [61] is consistent with a left-prefrontal cortex contribution to the negativity observed on the scalp.…”

Section: Individual Differences In Cognition and Brain Agingmentioning

confidence: 64%

“…Whereas the activation of frontal brain areas was correlated with poorer recognition accuracy in the young, it was associated with higher performance in the elderly. These data suggest that an alternative neuronal network characterized by increased engagement of prefrontal regions may underlie the enhanced recognition memory performance of highly-educated older adults [61].…”

Section: Individual Differences In Cognition and Brain Agingmentioning

confidence: 81%

“…For example, recent fMRI data demonstrate that during an episodic memory task, older adults with higher levels of education engaged frontal brain structures more than medial temporal regions, but the reverse pattern was observed for young participants [61]. Whereas the activation of frontal brain areas was correlated with poorer recognition accuracy in the young, it was associated with higher performance in the elderly.…”

Section: Individual Differences In Cognition and Brain Agingmentioning

confidence: 98%

“…Several studies have reported positive correlations between these variables, preserved performance on cognitive tasks, and a variety of underlying structural and functional brain measures, such that people with higher education may be better capable of counteracting the adverse effects of aging and/or coping with neuropathology (e.g. [61]). For example, the cognitive reserve hypothesis posits that certain individual characteristics will provide a buffer or reserve capacity protecting against the deleterious effects of aging on cognition and brain function ( [64,63]).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Use it or lose it? SES mitigates age-related decline in a recency/recognition task

Czernochowski¹,

Fabiani

Friedman³

2008

Neurobiology of Aging

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An important goal of aging research is to determine factors leading to individual differences that might compensate for some of the deleterious effects of aging on cognition. To determine whether socio-economic status (SES) plays a role in mitigating age-related decrements in the recollection of contextual details, we categorized older participants into low-and high-SES groups. Event-related potentials (ERPs) and behavioral data were recorded in a picture memory task involving recency and recognition judgments. Young, old-low and old-high SES groups did not differ in recognition performance. However, on recency judgments, old-low subjects performed at chance, whereas oldhigh subjects did not differ significantly from young adults. Consistent with their preserved recency performance, a long-duration frontal negativity was significantly larger for recency compared to recognition trials in the ERPs of the old-high SES group only. These data suggest that older adults with higher SES levels can use strategies to compensate for the adverse effects of aging in complex source memory tasks by recruiting additional neural resources apparently not required by the young.

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Section: Individual Differences In Cognition and Brain Agingmentioning

confidence: 64%

Section: Individual Differences In Cognition and Brain Agingmentioning

confidence: 81%

Section: Individual Differences In Cognition and Brain Agingmentioning

confidence: 98%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

See 2 more Smart Citations

Use it or lose it? SES mitigates age-related decline in a recency/recognition task

Czernochowski¹,

Fabiani

Friedman³

2008

Neurobiology of Aging

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“…It is possible that cognitive function and brain structure are cumulatively affected by individual health behavior, years of education, wealth, the ability to cope with stress, personality traits, and indicators of physical health such as body mass index (BMI) (Backman et al, 2006;Colcombe et al, 2003;Craik, 2006;Lindenberger and Baltes, 1997;Salthouse, 2003;Singh-Manoux et al, 2004;Smith, 2003;Springer et al, 2005). Therefore, we also examined the influence of psychosocial and physical health factors on cognitive and structural variables.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Basal forebrain integrity and cognitive memory profile in healthy aging

Düzel¹,

Münte²,

Lindenberger³

et al. 2010

Brain Research

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Age-related dysfunctions in cholinergic and dopaminergic neuromodulation are assumed to contribute to age-associated impairment of explicit memory. Both neurotransmitters also modulate attention, working memory, and processing speed. To date, in vivo evidence linking structural age-related changes in these neuromodulatory systems to dysfunction within or across these cognitive domains remains scarce. Using a factor analytical approach in a cross-sectional study including 86 healthy older (aged 55 to 83 years) and 24 young (aged 18 to 30 years) adults, we assessed the relationship between structural integrity-as measured by magnetization transfer ratio (MTR)-of the substantia nigra/ventral tegmental area (SN/VTA), main origin of dopaminergic projections, basal forebrain (major origin of cortical cholinergic projections), frontal white matter (FWM), and hippocampus to neuropsychological and psychosocial scores. Basal forebrain MTR and FWM changes correlated with a factor combining verbal learning and memory and working memory and, as indicated by measures of diffusion, were most likely due to vascular pathology. These findings suggest that frontal white matter integrity and cholinergic neuromodulation provide clues as to why age-related cognitive decline is often correlated across cognitive domains. IntroductionAge-related decline in learning and memory, often termed age-associated memory impairment (AAMI) (Crook et al., 1986), is a well-documented finding in healthy older adults (Balota et al., 2000;Cabeza et al., 2000;Craik, 1994;Salthouse, 2003), but the neurobiological correlates of this decline are still under debate. A consistent pattern of AAMI is a decrement in declarative memory (Tulving, 1985) most clearly apparent in impaired free recall and recollection (Buckner, 2004;Craik, 2006;Hedden and Gabrieli, 2004;Nilsson, 2003). Evidence from lesion studies in humans and animals indicates that

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Cognitive reserve hypothesis: Pittsburgh Compound B and fluorodeoxyglucose positron emission tomography in relation to education in mild Alzheimer's disease

Kemppainen

Aalto

Karrasch

et al. 2007

Annals of Neurology

227

140

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Objective: The reduced risk for Alzheimer's disease (AD) in high-educated individuals has been proposed to reflect brain cognitive reserve, which would provide more efficient compensatory mechanisms against the underlying pathology, and thus delayed clinical expression. Our aim was to find possible differences in brain amyloid ligand 11 C-labeled Pittsburgh Compound B ([ 11 C]PIB) uptake and glucose metabolism in high-and low-educated patients with mild AD. Methods: Twelve high-educated and 13 low-educated patients with the same degree of cognitive deterioration were studied with PET using [ 11 C]PIB and 18 F-fluorodeoxyglucose as ligands. The between-group differences were analyzed with voxel-based statistical method, and quantitative data were obtained with automated region-of-interest analysis. Results: High-educated patients showed increased [11 C]PIB uptake in the lateral frontal cortex compared with low-educated patients. Moreover, high-educated patients had significantly lower glucose metabolic rate in the temporoparietal cortical regions compared with low-educated patients. Interpretation: Our results suggesting more advanced pathological and functional brain changes in high-educated patients with mild AD are in accordance with the brain cognitive reserve hypothesis and point out the importance of development of reliable markers of underlying AD pathology for early AD diagnostics. Neurol 2008;63:112-118 Several epidemiological studies have found a lower incidence of Alzheimer's disease (AD) in high-educated populations, suggesting that education provides protection against the disease. Ann1 This reduced risk for AD in high-educated individuals is proposed to reflect brain cognitive reserve that provides greater brain capacity to compensate for disruption caused by disease pathology, and thus delays the clinical expression of AD.2 At a particular level of AD pathology, highly educated individuals are less likely to manifest clinical symptoms of dementia as compared with less educated individuals.3 After the diagnosis of AD, higheducated individuals show more rapid progression of dementia and lower survival compared with loweducated AD patients. 4 -6 The different course of the disease between these groups has been hypothesized to reflect a more advanced AD pathology at the time of diagnosis in high-educated patients, and a rapid cognitive deterioration after the compensatory capacity becomes insufficient.The association of educational level with the severity of brain damage in AD has been evaluated in vivo with positron emission tomography (PET) and singlephoton emission computed tomography by using the brain glucose metabolism or cerebral blood flow as measures of brain functional changes.7-12 These studies have shown an inverse relation between the level of education and brain glucose metabolism or blood flow after adjusted for the dementia severity. This relation was evident especially in brain regions typically affected in AD, such as temporal and parietal cortices. The effect of education on the ...

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The Relation Between Brain Activity During Memory Tasks and Years of Education in Young and Older Adults.

Cited by 129 publications

References 64 publications

Use it or lose it? SES mitigates age-related decline in a recency/recognition task

Use it or lose it? SES mitigates age-related decline in a recency/recognition task

Basal forebrain integrity and cognitive memory profile in healthy aging

Cognitive reserve hypothesis: Pittsburgh Compound B and fluorodeoxyglucose positron emission tomography in relation to education in mild Alzheimer's disease

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