The Reinforcement of Elastomeric Networks by Fillers

Bokobza, Liliane

doi:10.1002/mame.200400034

Cited by 246 publications

(177 citation statements)

References 85 publications

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“…The partial reconstruction of hard segment domains through the formation of new cross-links between polymer chains [ 38,55 ] could explain the stress softening.…”

Section: Elastic Recovery Behaviormentioning

confidence: 98%

Strain‐Responsive Polyurethane/PEDOT:PSS Elastomeric Composite Fibers with High Electrical Conductivity

Seyedin

Razal

Innis

et al. 2014

Adv Funct Materials

244

235

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2957www.MaterialsViews.com wileyonlinelibrary.com response to be measurable in a wide range of applied strain. In practical situations, the applied strains can be as small as less than a few percent or as large as tens to hundreds of percent. Some applications where small strains are important are damage detection, structural characterisation, and fatigue studies in materials, [24][25][26] while applications such as body movement measurement, [ 16,20 ] medical monitoring, [ 18,19,27 ] and sports rehabilitation and injury prevention [ 21,28 ] require large strains sensing. This work reports for the fi rst time, the production of elastomeric composite fi bers with high electrical conductivity that are capable of monitoring wide range of applied strains (up to 260%) and can therefore be useful in applications such as strain gauge sensors in wearable bionics and stretchable electronics. The fi ber wet-spinning approach that we have developed effi ciently exploits the high stretchability of a medical grade elastomeric polyurethane (PU) and the high conductivity of PEDOT:PSS.This work contributes to the relatively unexplored production of conductive and elastomeric composite fi bers. The lack of progress in this fi eld can be attributed to the limited development of elastomeric composite formulations that contain welldispersed conducting fi llers, which are also processable by fi ber wet-spinning methods. In the limited cases where conductive fi llers such as polyaniline, [ 29 ] polythiophene [ 30 ] and carbon nanotubes [ 31 ] were utilized in the wet-spinning of conducting fi ber composites, the observed change in the electrical properties have only been marginal at large deformations. These reports also show that signifi cant amount of fi ller loading is necessary to achieve percolation of conducting networks, which was found to be detrimental to the overall mechanical properties of the composite. The most common alternative approach to produce fi bers with both elastic and conductive properties is by coating the elastomeric fi ber (some reports use yarn or textile) with a thin layer of the conducting material. This approach has been used for conductor/elastomer combinations such as polypyrrole on Tactel/Lycra [ 32 ] and nylon/Lycra [ 21 ] fabrics and PEDOT:PSS on Spandex fabric [ 23 ] to name a few, employing methods such as oxidative chemical polymerization, in situ chemical polymerization, chemical vapor deposition, and dip-coating. However, the conductive coatings produced often have poor adhesion and are less stretchy than the parent elastomer fi ber resulting in poor overall electrical and mechanical performance. [ 21,23,32 ] The surface and mechanical property mismatch between the conductive Strain-Responsive Polyurethane/PEDOT:PSS Elastomeric Composite Fibers with High Electrical ConductivityMohammad Ziabari Seyedin , Joselito M. Razal , * Peter C. Innis , and Gordon G. Wallace * It is a challenge to retain the high stretchability of an elastomer when used in polymer composites. Likewise, the high conductivit...

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“…The partial reconstruction of hard segment domains through the formation of new cross-links between polymer chains [ 38,55 ] could explain the stress softening.…”

Section: Elastic Recovery Behaviormentioning

confidence: 98%

Strain‐Responsive Polyurethane/PEDOT:PSS Elastomeric Composite Fibers with High Electrical Conductivity

Seyedin

Razal

Innis

et al. 2014

Adv Funct Materials

244

235

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

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“…[ 1 ] The toughness of chemically crosslinked elastomers such as PDMS is often improved by adding small amounts of high-modulus fi llers. [ 57 ] Similarly, thermoplastic elastomers contain high-modulus crystalline inclusions as the physical crosslinking sites and lower crosslink density, resulting in inherently high toughness values that contribute to the durability of the device. To explore the extent of the mechanical robustness, we applied sudden Figure 3.…”

Section: Communicationmentioning

confidence: 99%

Mechanically Durable and Highly Stretchable Transistors Employing Carbon Nanotube Semiconductor and Electrodes

et al. 2015

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Mechanically durable stretchable trans-istors are fabricated using carbon nanotube electrical components and tough thermoplastic elastomers. After an initial conditioning step, the electrical characteristics remain constant with strain. The strain-dependent characteristics are similar in orthogonal stretching directions. Devices can be impacted with a hammer and punctured with a needle while remaining functional and stretchable.

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“…Such increases in stiffness are not observed for similar loading fractions of spherical carbon black or silica particles in the same matrix, thus highlighting the effect of the high aspect ratio (length/diameter) of the nanotubes. In conventional composites, the increase in the modulus has been ascribed to a hydrodynamic effect arising from the inclusion of rigid particles in the soft matrix and to an increase in the cross-linking density created by polymerfiller interactions [1,2,26,[37][38][39][40]. But the anisometry of the filler structures as well as the quality of their dispersion can greatly affect the composite performance.…”

Section: Tensile Propertiesmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The extent of improvement generally depends on several parameters including the size of the particles, their aspect ratio, their state of dispersion and their surface chemical characteristics that determine the interaction between the filler and the polymer chains and thus the interface of the polymer-filler system [1,2]. Polymer-carbon nanotube composites have attracted particular interest because the structural characteristics of carbon nanotubes such as their high aspect ratio, high surface area available for stress transfer as well as their exceptionally high Young's modulus and excellent electrical and thermal properties, are expected to allow the emergence of a new generation of ultra-lightweight and extremely strong composite materials [3][4][5].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Multiwall carbon nanotube-filled natural rubber: Electrical and mechanical properties

Bokobza

2012

Express Polym. Lett.

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Abstract. The influence of multiwall carbon nanotube (MWNTs) contents on electrical and mechanical properties of MWNTs-reinforced natural rubber (NR) composites is studied. The volume resistivity of the composites decreases with increasing the MWNTs content and the electrical percolation threshold is reached at less than 1 phr of MWNTs (phr = parts of filler by weight per hundred parts of rubber). This is caused by the formation of conductive chains in the composites. Electrical measurements under uniaxial deformation of a composite carried out at a filler loading above the percolation threshold, indicate a gradual disconnection of the conducting network with the bulk deformation. The drop in the storage modulus G! with the shear strain amplitude (Payne effect) is also attributed to a breakdown of the filler network. Considerable improvement in the stiffness is obtained upon incorporation of MWNTs in the polymer matrix but the main factor for reinforcement of NR by MWNTs appears to be their high aspect ratio rather than strong interfacial interaction with rubber. The tensile strength and the elongation at break of the composites are reduced with regard to the unfilled sample. This is probably due to the presence of some agglomerates that increase with the nanotube content. This hypothesis is confirmed by a cyclic loading of the composites where it is seen that the deformation at break occurs at a much higher level of strain in the second stretch than in the first one. The overall significant property improvements are the result of a better nanotube dispersion attributed to the combined use of tip sonication and cyclohexane as dispersion aids during composite processing.

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The Reinforcement of Elastomeric Networks by Fillers

Cited by 246 publications

References 85 publications

Strain‐Responsive Polyurethane/PEDOT:PSS Elastomeric Composite Fibers with High Electrical Conductivity

Strain‐Responsive Polyurethane/PEDOT:PSS Elastomeric Composite Fibers with High Electrical Conductivity

Mechanically Durable and Highly Stretchable Transistors Employing Carbon Nanotube Semiconductor and Electrodes

Multiwall carbon nanotube-filled natural rubber: Electrical and mechanical properties

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