The regulation of intestinal metabolism and its impact on whole animal energetics.

Cant, J.P.; McBride, B.W.; Croom, W. J.

doi:10.2527/1996.74102541x

Cited by 202 publications

(138 citation statements)

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“…Thus, abomasal infusion will probably reduce the AA available for milk production compared with intravenous infusions. It has been shown that there is a high rate of energy and protein turnover in the lumen wall and the PDV (Cant et al, 1996;Reynolds, 2002) and that there is a substantial metabolism of EAA during absorption by intestinal enterocytes (MacRae et al, 1997). Elevated luminal nutrient supply has shown to influence activity which promotes tissue growth (Cant et al, 1996).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Post-ruminal or intravenous infusions of carbohydrates or amino acids to dairy cows 1. Early lactation

Schei

Danfær²,

Boman

et al. 2007

Animal

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The objectives of this study were to compare the effects of post-ruminal and intravenous infusions of wheat starch or glucose (CHO) or a mixture of amino acids (AA) on milk protein yield, nitrogen utilisation, plasma metabolites and mammary extraction rate of dairy cows in early lactation. Eight cow, ruminally fistulated, was assigned to two 4 £ 4 Latin squares during 14-day periods, where the last 7 days were for infusions. Infusions were: (1) starch in the abomasum (SP), (2) glucose in the blood (GB), (3) AA in the abomasum (AP), and (4) AA in the blood (AB). The experiment started 54^4 days (mean^S.E.) post partum (milk yield 33.4^1.7 kg). Daily amounts of nutrients infused were 378, 365, 341, and 333 g for SP, GB, AP and AB, respectively. The cows were fed a basal diet consisting of a concentrate mixture and grass silage (55:45 on dry-matter (DM) basis), and DM intake was 17.2 kg/day. Milk production was affected by site of infusion within substrate, whereas infusion substrates within infusion site (CHO or AA) were of minor importance. Compared with SP infusion, GB infusion increased ( P , 0.05) milk protein yield and concentration by 55 g and 1 g/kg. The AB infusion tended to ( P , 0.10) increase milk yield and ECM and increased ( P , 0.05) protein yield and concentration by 1.8 and 2.2 kg, 83 g and 1.1 g/kg compared with AP infusion, respectively. Nitrogen balance data indicated higher losses of metabolic faecal nitrogen (MFN) by abomasal than by intravenous infusions, and an increased ( P , 0.05) catabolism for AP and AB infusions compared with SP and GB infusions. GB infusion did not increase ( P . 0.10) plasma glucose or insulin concentrations above that of SP infusion. Compared with the SP infusion, the GB infusion had minor effect on plasma AA. AP infusion increased ( P , 0.05) plasma non-essential AA (NEAA) concentration compared with AB infusion, whereas infusion site of AA had no effect ( P . 0.05) on essential AA (EAA) or branched-chain AA (BCAA). Although a higher milk protein synthesis was observed for AB infusion, the mammary extraction rate was not higher ( P . 0.05) than for AP infusion. Across infusion site, AP and AB infusions increased plasma concentration of EAA and BCAA, but compared with GB infusion, the mammary extraction rates tended ( P , 0.10) to be lower. It is concluded that abomasal nutrient infusion increases loss of MFN and that the gastrointestinal metabolism influences the nutrients available for milk synthesis. Our conclusion is that when glucose was infused, AA limited a further milk protein synthesis, but when AA was infused, glucose or energy substrate might have been the limiting factor. Our results verify that glucogenic substrates are limiting when cows are in negative energy balance.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Post-ruminal or intravenous infusions of carbohydrates or amino acids to dairy cows 1. Early lactation

Schei

Danfær²,

Boman

et al. 2007

Animal

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“…The portal-drained viscera (PDV; the intestine, pancreas, spleen and stomach) contributes approximately 35% of whole-body energy expenditure and protein synthesis, even though it represents ,6% of body weight (BW) (Cant et al, 1996;Burrin et al, 2000). Research over the past 15 years has established that the small intestine of pigs also plays an important role in the metabolism of both essential and nonessential amino acids (Stoll et al, 1998;Burrin et al, 2000;Wu et al, 2005).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Dietary starch sources affect net portal appearance of amino acids and glucose in growing pigs

Dai

Yin

et al. 2008

Animal

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Four male pigs (Duroc 3 Landrace 3 Yorkshire; average initial (mean 6 SEM) BW 5 22.5 6 1.1 kg), fitted with permanent catheters in the portal vein, ileal vein and carotid artery, were used in a 4 3 4 Latin square experimental design to measure the effect of dietary starch sources on the net portal appearance of glucose and amino acids. Dietary starch sources were resistant starch (RS), maize, sticky rice and brown rice. Diets were provided at 0730, 1530 and 2330 h during a 6-day adjustment period and 1-day collection period. On day 7 of each period, blood samples were collected from the portal vein and carotid artery at 0730 h (prior to feeding) and hourly up to 8 h after meal. Blood samples were used to determine glucose, amino acid, packed cell volume and partial pressure of oxygen (pO 2 ). When calculated per 100 g feed intake, cumulative portal glucose appearance was lower (P , 0.05) for resistant starch than for maize, sticky rice or brown rice up to 8 h after the meal. Cumulative portal glucose appearance was higher (P , 0.05) for sticky rice and brown rice than for other diets until 4 h after the meal, but maize had higher cumulative glucose appearance after 4 h. Net cumulative portal concentrations of most amino acids for resistant starch were also reduced (P , 0.05) than for the other starch sources. Cumulative portal appearance of amino acid represented 48.39%, 63.76%, 61.80% and 59.18% of dietary intake for resistant starch, maize, sticky rice and brown rice, respectively. Collectively, our results indicate that dietary starch sources substantially affect the appearance of amino acids and glucose in the portal circulation.

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“…The metabolic activity of these tissues is considerable. The portal-drained viscera (PDV; including gastrointestinal tract, pancreas, spleen and associated adipose tissue) account for about only 3 to 6% of total body mass but their proportion on total energy consumption and wholebody protein turnover accounts for 20 to 35% (Cant et al, 1996;Reeds et al, 1999). The pivotal role of gastrointestinal tissues in both whole-body nutrient demand and systemic tissue supply was discussed in some recent papers (Schaeffer et al, 2003;Drackley et al, 2006).…”

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confidence: 99%

Morphology of small intestinal mucosa and intestinal weight change with metabolic type of cattle

Žitňan¹,

Voigt²,

Kuhla³

et al. 2008

Vet. Med. - Czech

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ABSTRACT:The objective of this study was to investigate rumen fermentation, apparent digestibility of nutrients, and morphology of ruminal und intestinal mucosa in two cattle breeds of different metabolic type. From each breed six purebred German Holstein (H) bulls representing the secretion type and six Charolais (CH) bulls representing the accretion type were raised and fattened under identical conditions with semi ad libitum feeding of a high energy diet. The animals were used for a digestion trial started at nine months of age and animals were slaughtered at 18 months of age. Body weight (668 vs. 764 kg, P = 0.011), body weight gain (1 223 vs. 1 385 g/day, P = 0.043), and body protein gain (93 vs. 128 g/day, P = 0.001) were lower in H compared to CH bulls. Protein expense per kg protein accretion was higher in H bulls (13.8 vs. 10.2, P = 0.001). No significant differences were found in concentration and pattern of ruminal short chain fatty acid and in apparent digestibility of organic matter, crude fibre, and N-free extracts. There were no significant differencs in all morphometric traits of rumen mucosa between both cattle breeds. Compared to H, the villi of CH bulls were higher in duodenum (586 vs. 495 µm, P = 0.001) and proximal jejunum (598 vs. 518µm, P < 0.001), the crypt were deeper in duodenum (295 vs. 358, P < 0.001) and proximal jejunum (292 vs. 344 µm, P = 0.020). In contrast, the villi in ileum were higher in H (522 vs. 471 µm, P = 0.006). The weight of total small intestine, as percentage of total body weight, was 1.1 in H and 0.8 in CH (P = 0.002). The utilization of food crude protein was positively related to the duodenal (P = 0.001) and proximal jejunal villus height (P = 0.003) and to the duodenal crypt depth (P < 0.001) and negatively related to weight of small intestine (P = 0.004). It is concluded, that the higher growth potential and feed efficiency in CH bulls compared to H bulls is not caused by differences in digestion processes, but in size of small intestine, and morphology of small intestinal mucosa. Obviously the duodenum and proximal jejunum of CH bulls adapt to increase the absorptive surface due to the increase in nutrient demand.

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The regulation of intestinal metabolism and its impact on whole animal energetics.

Cited by 202 publications

References 0 publications

Post-ruminal or intravenous infusions of carbohydrates or amino acids to dairy cows 1. Early lactation

Post-ruminal or intravenous infusions of carbohydrates or amino acids to dairy cows 1. Early lactation

Dietary starch sources affect net portal appearance of amino acids and glucose in growing pigs

Morphology of small intestinal mucosa and intestinal weight change with metabolic type of cattle

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