The Regulation of Cyberspace and the Loss of National Sovereignty

Abstract

The modern commercial law grew out of the custom and usages of the merchants, the Law Merchant. Some of these customs were written down, and became a code of international commercial customs. Although the substantive law and procedures of the common law world broadly re ected the international character of trade, it was also in uenced by the insular tendencies of the law. This was particularly prevalent during the nineteenth and twentieth centuries. The advent of modern electronic trade conducted through cyberspace has however meant that the law has once again been required to adopt a more international perspective through the adoption of international treaties and conventions.

Cryptocurrencies: Do they qualify as “gross income”?

“…1. or as consideration for a restraint of trade arising from employment or the holding of an office, 125 or in commutation of amounts due under any contract of employment. 126 This article shows that, if cryptocurrency is received or accrued as a revenue asset, its value in South African Rands on the date of such receipt or accrual, whichever occurs first, is subject to inclusion in the recipient taxpayer's gross income under the ITA.…”

Rethinking Communication for Development Policy: Some Considerations

“…7 In this period, there was consideration by policy analysts as to whether a new global regime for the governance of the telecommunication industry was in the making (Zacher 1996;Hudson 1997). Central to their investigations were issues of state sovereignty (Drake 1995;Cox 2002) and the nature of perceived threats to economic power (Comor 1994;Cowhey and Aronson 2009). With convergence on the horizon, the dominance of the wealthy countries in the existing institutions, especially of the US, began to wane (Cowhey 1990;David and Steinmueller 1996), further destabilizing the policy-making regime.…”