The Regulation and Organization of Thyroid Stimulating Hormone Genes

Kourides, Ione A.; Gurr, James A.; Wolf, Ofra

doi:10.1016/b978-0-12-571140-1.50007-4

Cited by 34 publications

(18 citation statements)

References 110 publications

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“…DNA sequences ofthe rat growth hormone gene that mediate basal and regulated expression by thyroid hormone Studies of a number of thyroid hormone-responsive genes indicate that regulation occurs fully or in part at the transcriptional level, and this is true for genes in which L-T3 stimulates (e.g., rat growth hormone) (21)(22)(23) or inhibits (e.g., thyrotrophin) (39)(40)(41) expression. The transcription rate of the growth hormone and thyrotrophin genes are modulated within minutes of thyroid hormone exposure (23,40).…”

Section: General Properties Ofthyroid Hormone Receptorsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The following thyroid hormone-dependent effects have been studied in detail: stimulation of growth hormone synthesis in the rat anterior pituitary in vivo (14); regulation of growth hormone gene expression in cultured rat pituitary cell lines (15)(16)(17)(18)(19)(20)(21)(22)(23)(24); stimulation of malic enzyme mRNA in the liver (25)(26)(27)(28)(29), as well as several other genes that encode hepatic proteins of unknown function (SI and S14) (30)(31)(32)(33); and stimulation of the a-myosin heavy chain gene in the myocardium (34)(35)(36)(37)(38). In addition to stimulating the expression of genes, the thyroid hormones also inhibit the expression of certain genes, most notably thyrotrophin (39)(40)(41) and the ,3-myosin heavy chain gene (34)(35)(36)(37)(38). Of the genes indicated (both positive and negative regulation), the effect of the thyroid hormones has been shown to occur fully or to a significant degree at the transcriptional level.…”

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confidence: 99%

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Regulation of gene expression by thyroid hormone.

Samuels

Forman²,

Horowitz³

et al. 1988

J. Clin. Invest.

277

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Section: General Properties Ofthyroid Hormone Receptorsmentioning

confidence: 99%

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Regulation of gene expression by thyroid hormone.

Samuels

Forman²,

Horowitz³

et al. 1988

J. Clin. Invest.

277

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“…It has been suggested, by analogy with the thyroid (37,38) and adrenal axes (39), that these related peptides exert a negative feedback effect on rat pituitary (17,(40)(41)(42)(43)(44)45) and human pituitary (46) GH secretion. The data presented here further extend this hypothesis by delineating a molecular mechanism for the inhibition of GH gene expression by insulin.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Insulin regulation of rat growth hormone gene transcription.

Yamashita¹,

Melmed²

1986

J. Clin. Invest.

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We have previously shown that insulin suppresses growth hormone (GH) messenger (m) RNA levels in rat pituitary cells. To further delineate the molecular mechanism of insulin action, the effect of insulin treatment on GH gene transcription rates was examined in GH3 pituitary cells grown in serum-free defined medium. A transcriptional run-off assay was performed when intact isolated nuclei were allowed to continue RNA synthesis in an in vitro reaction. Specific incorporation of V2PIGTP into RNA was quantified by hybridization to rat GH complementary (c) DNA. Hybridization efficiency was measured with an internal I3HlcRNA standard and ranged from 30 to 48%. Alpha-amanitin (1 ;g/ml) inhibited total transcription, and excess unlabeled rat pituitary mRNA (250 ng) competitively inhibited GH mRNA hybridization by >80%. Insulin (0.7 nM) inhibited new GH mRNA synthesis, and maximal inhibition (30% of control) was observed with 7 nM insulin after 4 h treatment. The inhibitory effects of insulin on new GH mRNA synthesis were abolished by both insulin-receptor-antiserum and by guinea-pig anti-insulin serum. The results show that insulin exerts a rapid suppression of new GH mRNA synthesis. These data provide evidence for the direct transcriptional regulation of the GH gene by insulin.

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“…These hormones consist of two non-identical and noncovalently linked subunits termed ␣ and ␤. The ␣ subunit (␣-glycoprotein hormone subunit (␣-GSU)) is common to all members of this family and is expressed in molar excess in the pituitary to facilitate formation of the intact hormone (1). The ␤ subunit is unique and confers specific biological activity to each dimeric hormone (2,3).…”

Section: Thyrotropin (Tsh)mentioning

confidence: 99%

cAMP Response Element-binding Protein-binding Protein Mediates Thyrotropin-releasing Hormone Signaling on Thyrotropin Subunit Genes

Hashimoto¹,

Zanger²,

Hollenberg³

et al. 2000

Journal of Biological Chemistry

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Transcription of pituitary ␣-glycoprotein hormone subunit (␣-GSU) and thyrotropin ␤ subunit (TSH-␤) genes is stimulated by thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH). Since cAMP response element-binding protein (CREB)-binding protein (CBP) integrates a number of cell signaling pathways, we investigated whether CBP is important for TRH stimulation of the TSH subunit genes. Cotransfection of E1A in GH 3 cells completely blocked TRH stimulation of the TSH subunit genes, suggesting that CBP is a key factor for TRH signaling in the pituitary. CBP and Pit-1 acted synergistically in TRH stimulation of the TSH-␤ promoter, and amino acids 1-450 of CBP were sufficient for the TRH effect. In contrast, on the human ␣-GSU promoter, CREB and P-Lim mediated TRH signaling. Intriguingly, CREB was phosphorylated upon TRH stimulation, leading to CBP recruitment to the ␣-GSU promoter. CBP also interacted with P-Lim in a TRH-dependent manner, suggesting that P-Lim is an important factor for non-cAMP response element-mediated TRH stimulation of this promoter. Distinct domains of CBP were required for TRH signaling by CREB and P-Lim on the ␣-GSU promoter, amino acids 450 -700 and 1-450, respectively. Thus, the amino terminus of CBP plays a critical role in TRH signaling in the anterior pituitary via both Pit-1-dependent and -independent pathways, yielding differential regulation of pituitary gene products.

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The Regulation and Organization of Thyroid Stimulating Hormone Genes

Cited by 34 publications

References 110 publications

Regulation of gene expression by thyroid hormone.

Regulation of gene expression by thyroid hormone.

Insulin regulation of rat growth hormone gene transcription.

cAMP Response Element-binding Protein-binding Protein Mediates Thyrotropin-releasing Hormone Signaling on Thyrotropin Subunit Genes

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