The refining of secondary lead for use in advanced lead-acid batteries

Ellis, Timothy W.; Mirza, A.

doi:10.1016/j.jpowsour.2009.12.118

Cited by 109 publications

(47 citation statements)

References 5 publications

(10 reference statements)

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“…The pyrometallurgical processes employ coke or carbon monoxide to reduce lead compounds at high temperature (about 1,000°C) to gain the crude Pb with the release of CO 2 gas 7 . Pb vapour/dust is also produced owing to its low melting point and escapes along with the exhaust gases into the atmosphere, known as Pb pollution [7][8][9] . High-purity Pb (99.99%) is then obtained by refining the crude Pb using electrolytic refining or fire refining 8 .…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Pb vapour/dust is also produced owing to its low melting point and escapes along with the exhaust gases into the atmosphere, known as Pb pollution [7][8][9] . High-purity Pb (99.99%) is then obtained by refining the crude Pb using electrolytic refining or fire refining 8 . The whole process has a yield of 95-97% (refs 7,9,10).…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Hydrometallurgical processes were proposed to eradicate the Pb pollution problem and obtain high-purity Pb (99.99%) without the refining step 8,[11][12][13][14][15][16][17][18][19][20] . These processes do not emit Pb vapour/dust to the environment due to their low operating temperature and lack of vapour production 8,11 ; however, there are still many disadvantages, such as high electricity consumption, use of highly toxic hexafluorosilicic acid electrolyte and severe corrosion of metallic components [12][13][14][15][16][17][18][19][20][21] .…”

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confidence: 99%

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A green lead hydrometallurgical process based on a hydrogen-lead oxide fuel cell

Pan

Sun

et al. 2013

Nat Commun

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The automobile industry consumed 9 million metric tons of lead in 2012 for lead-acid batteries. Recycling lead from spent lead-acid batteries is not only related to the sustainable development of the lead industry, but also to the reduction of lead pollution in the environment. The existing lead pyrometallurgical processes have two main issues, toxic lead emission into the environment and high energy consumption; the developing hydrometallurgical processes have the disadvantages of high electricity consumption, use of toxic chemicals and severe corrosion of metallic components. Here we demonstrate a new green hydrometallurgical process to recover lead based on a hydrogen-lead oxide fuel cell. Highpurity lead, along with electricity, is produced with only water as the by-product. It has a 499.5% lead yield, which is higher than that of the existing pyrometallurgical processes (95-97%). This greatly reduces lead pollution to the environment.

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confidence: 99%

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confidence: 99%

mentioning

confidence: 99%

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A green lead hydrometallurgical process based on a hydrogen-lead oxide fuel cell

Pan

Sun

et al. 2013

Nat Commun

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“…Traditionally, lead acid batteries are recycled to recover lead and re-use it in making new batteries [21,22]. The most common method is the pyrometallurgic, which is energy intensive with operation temperatures above 300 • C and produces slag and air contaminants such as sulfur oxide, nitrous oxide and fumes [22].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Developing Electrolyte for a Soluble Lead Redox Flow Battery by Reprocessing Spent Lead Acid Battery Electrodes

2017

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Abstract:The archival value of this paper is the investigation of novel methods to recover lead (II) ions from spent lead acid battery electrodes to be used directly as electrolyte for a soluble lead flow battery. The methods involved heating electrodes of spent lead acid batteries in methanesulfonic acid and hydrogen peroxide to dissolve solid lead and lead dioxide out of the electrode material. The processes yielded lead methanesulfonate, which is an electrolyte for the soluble lead acid battery. The lead (II) ions in the electrolyte were identified using Inductively Coupled Plasma Mass Spectroscopy and their electrochemistry confirmed using cyclic voltammetry. The concentration of lead (II) ions was determined and it was found that using the higher concentration of hydrogen peroxide yielded the highest concentration of lead (II) ions. The method was therefore found to be sufficient to make electrolyte for a soluble lead cell.

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“…[1][2][3] Tolerance of elemental impurities in pig lead for the manufacture of grids is based on industrial standards, such as, ASTM Designation B29-79(84) and Battery Council International (BCI). According to these standard, maximum tolerance levels of some elements As, Cu and Sb are at less than 20 ppm.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Evaluation of Tolerance of Some Elemental Impurities on Performance of Pb-Ca-Sn Positive Pole Grids of Lead-Acid Batteries

El-Rahman¹,

Gad‐Allah²,

Salih³

et al. 2012

Journal of Electrochemical Science and Technology

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:The electrochemical performance of positive pole grids of lead-acid batteries made of Pb-0.08%Ca-1.1%Sn alloys without and with 0.1 wt% of each of Cu, As or Sb and with 0.1 wt% of Cu, As and Sb combined was investigated by electrochemical methods in 4.0 M H 2 SO 4 . The corrodibility of alloys under open-circuit conditions and constant current charging of the positive pole, the positive pole gassing and the self-discharge of the charged positive pole were studied. All impurities (Cu, As, Sb) were found to decrease the corrosion resistance, R corr after 1/2 hour corrosion, but after 24 hours an improvement in R corr was recorded for Sb containing alloy and the alloy with the three impurities combined. While an individual impurity was found to enhance oxygen evolution reaction, the impurities combined significantly inhibition this reaction and the related water loss problem was improved. Impedance results were found helpful in identification of the species involved in the charging/discharging and the self-discharge of the positive pole. Impurities individually or combined were found to increase the self-discharge during polarization (33-68%), where Sb containing alloy was the worst and impurities combined alloy was the least. The corrosion of the positive pole grid in the constant current charging was found to increase in the presence of impurities by 5-10%. Under open-circuit, the self-discharge of the charged positive grids was found to increase significantly (92-212%) in the presence of impurities, with Sb-containing alloy was the worst. The important result of the study is that the harmful effect of the studied impurities combined was not additive but sometimes lesser than any individual impurity.

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The refining of secondary lead for use in advanced lead-acid batteries

Cited by 109 publications

References 5 publications

A green lead hydrometallurgical process based on a hydrogen-lead oxide fuel cell

A green lead hydrometallurgical process based on a hydrogen-lead oxide fuel cell

Developing Electrolyte for a Soluble Lead Redox Flow Battery by Reprocessing Spent Lead Acid Battery Electrodes

Evaluation of Tolerance of Some Elemental Impurities on Performance of Pb-Ca-Sn Positive Pole Grids of Lead-Acid Batteries

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