“…The opportunities and challenges stemming from boundary spanning are particularly relevant in knowledge‐intensive environments, where technological opportunities emerge rapidly; existing competencies quickly become obsolete; and intense rivalry and competition among industry participants prevail (D'Aveni et al, ). In such environments, for example, telecommunications and pharmaceuticals, spanning organizational and national boundaries to obtain novel knowledge is considered pivotal to an organization's competitive advantage (Banker et al, ; Bierly et al, ; Chesbrough et al, ). At the same time, managing knowledge across boundaries in those environments is extremely challenging as the underlying knowledge is characterized by novelty (e.g., rapid technological advancements or changing customer requirements), strong differences between the MNC and the potential source of knowledge (e.g., due to specialization or size effects) and dependencies (i.e., the MNC relies to some extent on external actors to ultimately make productive use of the external knowledge) (Carlile, ; Carlile and Rebentisch, ).…”