The red or orange scale

Quayle, H. J.

doi:10.5962/bhl.title.58923

Cited by 6 publications

(9 citation statements)

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“…Riley expressed his dissenting opinions in simple and positive terms in 1893: he believed that introduced pests might be controlled by the introduc- Fig. 7.-Daniel William Coquillett (1856-1911, probably the most conservative and reliable observer of citrus scale insects and their enemies in California from 1882 to 1893. The value of Coquillett's observations and his development of a practical method of killing citrus-infesting insects by fumigation with cyanide gas has never been suitably recognized.…”

Section: Policies Politics and Personalitiesmentioning

confidence: 99%

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The red scale and its insect enemies

Compere¹

1961

Hilg

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3 A typescript entitled "George Compere's Reminiscence of the White Cottony Cushion Scale, I cerya purchasi Maskell, in California and Observations of Same in Other Countries," together with other letters and unpublished reports referred to in this paper, which have been in my possession, have been placed in the archives of the Department of Biological Control, Citrus Experiment Station, University of California, Riverside. Similar material that has been in the Department files has also been placed in these archives. November, 1961J Compere: Red Scale and Enemies 177 it had been imported into California from some foreign country, or vice versa. In response to Ashmead's request, the editor published an appeal to readers of the Pacific Rural Press for information concerning the source of red scale in California. This brought a reply from L. M. Holt (1880, p. 67). He gave an excellent account of the introduction of yellow scale into San Gabriel by L. J. Rose in 1872, its spread there, and the methods used to combat it, and stated, "The red scale has also made its appearance in Los Angeles, in one locality spreading from Lisbon lemon trees imported from Australia." He commented that when in San Francisco in the summer of 1879 his attention was called to lemons imported from Australia that were covered with red scale. The year 1880 stands as a milestone in the history of scale insects in California. J. Henry Comstock (fig. 3) spent three months in California and Utah in the summer of this year investigatinng scale insects, and a year later published his classical report on the scale insects (Comstock, 1881b). Leland O. Howard (1881) published on the parasites of the scale insects that same year. Before the comprehensive report was published, Comstock (1881a) had described the red scale as new under the name Aspidiotus citri. Shortly after his description "vas published, Comstock received a copy of William H. Maskell's (1879) paper containing the description of Aspidiotus aurantii Maskell. He immediately wrote Maskell requesting specimens of A. aurantii. After comparing the specimens from Maskell with those from California, Comstock (1881b) concluded that his species citri was a synonym of Maskell's species aurantii. Comstock failed to find morphological characters for distinguishing between the yellow scale of San Gabriel and the red scale of Los Angeles and included both under the name aurantii. Referring to both scales as one species, Comstock (1881b) wrote: " ... and from what I have seen of it, I believe it is more to be feared than any other scale insect infesting citrus trees in this country." Hil,gardia [Vol. 31, No.7 insect pest control was the .principal topic. Long before the introduction of vedalia, Cooper was a staunch believer in the possibilities of this kind of control. Under Cooper's leadership the Californians requested that an immediate search be made in all foreign countries for enemies to combat all the serious scale pests in California, and in particular the red scale. In 1891 the California State...

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Section: Policies Politics and Personalitiesmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The parasite was usually found most abundant where the scales were most numerous. (Quayle, 1911. ) Quayle was on the alert to detect the host feeding by adult parasites, but never succeeded in witnessing this phenomenon, although it is now known to occur under certain conditions.…”

Section: Early Reports Of Red-scale Parasites In Californiamentioning

confidence: 99%

The red scale and its insect enemies

Compere¹

1961

Hilg

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“…A. aurantii also infests many other host plants. McKenzie (1956) considered the species to be one of California's 22 omnivorous armored scales, and the total number of plant hosts may be large (Quayle 1911, McKenzie 1946. Compounding this situation in California, A. melinus develops not only on A. aurantii but also on nine other species of armored scales (Rosen & De Bach 1979;S.…”

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confidence: 99%

Intraspecific Variation in Levels of Pesticide Resistance in Field Populations of a Parasitoid, Aphytis melinus (Hymenoptera: Aphelinidae): The Role of Past Selection Pressures

Rosenheim

Hoy

1986

Journal of Economic Entomology

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Thirteen populations of Aphytis melinus DeBach, a key biological control agent of California red scale, Aonidie/la aurantii (Maskell), were collected from the citrusgrowing regions of California. Each population's history of exposure to insecticides was estimated by determining history of insecticide use at both local (in-grove) and regional (county-wide) geographical scales. Concentration/mortality regressions for five insecticides widely used in citrus were estimated for the populations. For each chemical, substantial variability existed in the responses of different populations. LC",,'swere correlated with both in-grove and county-wide pesticide use histories; patterns of variability were best explained by results of a multiple regression analysis that combined the influences of these two histories. Roles of food limitation, migration, and host distribution in determining patterns and rates of evolution of pesticide resistance in arthropod biological control agents are discussed.

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“…This situation is to be expected in the native habitat of a scale insect. That south China is the natural habitat of red scale, as supposed by Quayle (1911), is definitely indicated if the distribution of its supposedly specific parasite, G. chinensis/ is limited to that area, as is apparently the case.…”

Section: General Characteristics Of Casca Chinensismentioning

confidence: 89%

Casca chinensis, an internal parasite of California red scale

Flanders¹,

Gressitt²,

Fisher³

1958

Hilg

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Casea chinensis, a parasite of red scale on citrus in south China, has been regarded as a potential control of red scale in California since its discovery in 1906. This review of the attempts that have been made to import and propagate C. cbinensis presents what has been learned to date about this endoparasite. Outdoor propagation in south China has been successful; however, reproduction in the laboratory and importation and colonization of the species in California have so far failed because the particular condition or conditions necessary for reproduction of the male remain unknown. This failure was occasioned by an unusually cryptic aspect of the sex differentiation in host-parasite' relations characteristic of certain Hymenoptera. Propagation experiments are described, and new avenues of investigation are suggested.

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The red or orange scale

Cited by 6 publications

References 0 publications

The red scale and its insect enemies

The red scale and its insect enemies

Intraspecific Variation in Levels of Pesticide Resistance in Field Populations of a Parasitoid, Aphytis melinus (Hymenoptera: Aphelinidae): The Role of Past Selection Pressures

Casca chinensis, an internal parasite of California red scale

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