The red and green cone visual pigments of deuternomalous trichromacy.

Abstract

SUMMARY1. Three 'simple' deuteranomalous trichromats match with abnormally low 'red' tristimulus values throughout the spectrum and abnormally high 'green' tristimulus values in the long wave end of the spectrum which become normal (and then low) in the yellow-green. The spectrum locus of this transition differs from one anomalous to the other. Differences in the matches of two of these cannot be due to differences in eye media transmissivities alone. Therefore these two deuteranomalous have different cone visual pigments.2. The analytical anomaloscope was used in the confrontation of one deuteranomalous with six deuteranopes in turn. In each confrontation the deuteranope set the anomaloscope in his mode and adjusted the intensity of the monochromatic light for a match. Deuteranomalous matches were rejected by four of these six deuteranopes.3. They were accepted by two of the six. These two rejected each other's matches in a way not attributable to differences in eye media transmissivity.4. Three different psychophysical techniques were used to measure the action spectra of the long wave cones of these two deuteranopes. All three methods reveal small but systematic differences in Amax and shape of the curve for the one deuteranope compared with that of the other.5. In the red-green spectral range, these spectra are accurately described by different linear combinations of the color matching functions of the same deuteranomalous whose matches the two deuteranopes accept. Linear combinations of those of a second deuteranomalous, with at least one different kind of cone, fit less well.6. The wave-length discrimination curve of the former deuteranomalous was measured with a new method. The curves of two normals were also obtained for comparison. Wave-length discrimination predictions from * Present address: Department of Psychology, New York University, New York City, New York.M. ALPERN AND J. MOELLER the Stiles (1946) line element theory were compared to the anomalous curve. The deuteranopic action spectra were used in the line element to compute this deuteranomalous' discrimination. There is reasonable first order correspondence between prediction and observation, but the prediction is sensitive to small changes in the derivatives of the logarithms of the action spectra.7. Line element prediction of the deuteranomalous step-by-step luminous efficiency curve is insensitive to such uncertainties. The agreement with expectation from the above assumptions and the measured step-by-step deuteranomalous luminous efficiency curve in the red-green part of the spectrum is therefore good.8. It is concluded that the erythrolabe in one deuteranope's long wave cones has the action spectrum of this deuteranomalous' long wave cones and the erythrolabe in the other deuteranope's long wave sensitive cones has that of this deuteranomalous' medium wave cones. This leads to a general hypothesis about the nature of all forms of red-green colour vision defects transmitted recessively on the X chromosome.

The dependence of the colour and brightness of a monochromatic light upon its angle of incidence on the retina.

“…Let I'(A) represent the radiance (photons (A) sec-' deg-2) of the obliquely, and 1(A) that of the normally, 662 THE STILES-CRA WFORD EFFECTS incident test at the match. This task of slightly heterochromatic brightness matching is not very different from the measurement of the small step, step-by-step visibility (or luminosity) curve of which the Stiles line-element provides a good analytical description (Stiles, 1946;Alpern & Torii, 1968a, b;Alpern & Moeller, 1977). It is a reasonable assumption that the perceptual strategies and physiological processes are similar in the two cases.…”

Classical tritanopia

“…Measurements were made with monochromatic as well as with broad-band lights, many of them on apparatuses described elsewhere (Alpern, Bastian, Pugh & Gras, 1976;Alpern & Moeller, 1977: Alpern & Pugh, 1977;Alpern & Zwas, 1979). The details of design, calibration and procedure, wherever they can be found in these publications, are not repeated here.…”

“…The details of the apparatus design, construction and calibration, and of the procedures employed, are described elsewhere (Alpern & Moeller, 1977 The open circles in Fig. 4A give results of measurements on the normal eye of this subject while the filled circles illustrate the spectral luminosity of his tritanopic eye.…”

Relative modulation sensitivities of the red and green color mechanisms

“…Could the failure to find supersensitivity stem from the pigment in the green cones of the normal observer being different from the protanope's long wavelength pigment? (Alpern and Moeller, 1977;Bastian, 1976. ) To answer this.…”