The Rechargeable Aluminum Battery: Opportunities and Challenges

Abstract

Aluminum battery systems are considered as a system that could supplement current lithium batteries due to the low cost and high volumetric capacity of aluminum metal, and the high safety of the whole battery system. However, first the use of ionic liquid electrolytes leading to AlCl4− instead of Al3+, the different intercalation reagents, the sluggish solid diffusion process and the fast capacity fading during cycling in aluminum batteries all need to be thoroughly explored. To provide a good understanding of the opportunities and challenges of the newly emerging aluminum batteries, this Review discusses the reaction mechanisms and the difficulties caused by the trivalent reaction medium in electrolytes, electrodes, and electrode–electrolyte interfaces. It is hoped that the Review will stimulate scientists and engineers to develop more reliable aluminum batteries.

Covalent–Organic Frameworks: Advanced Organic Electrode Materials for Rechargeable Batteries

“…[ 123–125 ] Hence, multivalent ion batteries coupled with aqueous electrolyte are highly attractive for large‐scale electricity storage applications. [ 126,127 ] As a typical example, AZBs have attracted considerable attentions in terms of low cost and good safety. [ 128–130 ] The superiorities of using aqueous electrolyte were embodied on the safety and cost‐effectiveness in both zinc salts and solvents.…”

Snapshot on Negative Electrode Materials for Potassium-Ion Batteries

“…Among the possible alternatives to LIB, batteries based on multivalent cations such as Mg 2+ , Zn 2+ , Ca 2+ , or Al 3+ are of interest. Indeed, these elements have a high abundance in Earth's crust suitable to develop "low cost" batteries and the multivalent cations imply the transfer of more than one electron leading to high capacities (Ponrouch et al, 2016;Fang et al, 2018;Ma et al, 2019;Yang H et al, 2019). However, the design of suitable electrolytes is still a main challenge for all of these systems and significant efforts need to be done in order to reach their promising potential.…”

Atomic Insights into Aluminium‐Ion Insertion in Defective Anatase for Batteries

“…Thel ine shapes are characteristic of disordered [n] Al sites and their reconstruction was achieved considering Gaussian distributions of d iso and C Q (nuclear quadrupole coupling constant) values. [35] [4] Al, [5] Al and [6] Al resonances feature large isotropic chemical shift distributions (Figure 2a,T able S1) highlighting strong local disorder.T his suggests that Al-intercalation sites exhibit ab road range of local anionic environments,i ncluding large radial and angular distortions,w hich we ascribe to substitutional disorder at both the titanium site (mixed occupancyb yT i 4+ ,T i 3+ ,A l 3+ and vacancies) and the anionic site (mixed occupancyb yO 2À ,O H À ,a nd F À ), and possible additional Al 3+ ion occupation of interstitial sites.…”

“…[1][2][3][4] One possible alternative to lithium-ion batteries is to exploit aluminiumion intercalation chemistries.Aluminium-ion batteries would take advantage of the greater abundance of aluminium compared to lithium, and they offer the potential for increased energy densities and improved battery safety. [5] Aluminium is the third most abundant element, and the most abundant metal, in the Earthsc rust, making it significantly cheaper than lithium. [6] Furthermore,a luminium can exchange up to three electrons per ion, versus one electron per ion for lithium, and has ah igh density (2.7 gcm À3 at 25 8 8C).…”

“…[10] Because of the difficulty in identifying suitable Al 3+ -host materials,alimited number of studies have explored Al 3+ -intercalation in inorganic frameworks. [5,[11][12][13][14][15][16][17][18][19] One strategy for identifying new Al-cathode materials is to first build ad etailed understanding of the intercalation (electro)chemistry of known, viable Al-intercalation hosts;i np articular,s eeking to understand the local chemical environment of inserted Al in these materials,a nd how this affects electrochemical performance.…”