The recent advances in scaffolds for integrated periodontal regeneration

Abstract

The periodontium is an integrated, functional unit of multiple tissues surrounding and supporting the tooth, including but not limited to cementum (CM), periodontal ligament (PDL) and alveolar bone (AB). Periodontal tissues can be destructed by chronic periodontal disease, which can lead to tooth loss. In support of the treatment for periodontally diseased tooth, various biomaterials have been applied starting as a contact inhibition membrane in the guided tissue regeneration (GTR) that is the current gold standard in dental clinic. Recently, various biomaterials have been prepared in a form of tissue engineering scaffold to facilitate the regeneration of damaged periodontal tissues. From a physical substrate to support healing of a single type of periodontal tissue to multi-phase/bioactive scaffold system to guide an integrated regeneration of periodontium, technologies for scaffold fabrication have emerged in last years. This review covers the recent advancements in development of scaffolds designed for periodontal tissue regeneration and their efficacy tested in vitro and in vivo . Pros and Cons of different biomaterials and design parameters implemented for periodontal tissue regeneration are also discussed, including future perspectives.

A hierarchical bilayer architecture for complex tissue regeneration

“…The native periodontium is a complex and hierarchical organ, with mineralized, porous alveolar bone and non-mineralized, parallel-aligned periodontal ligament. The simulation of such a hard/soft tissue interface to achieve tissue regeneration poses unique challenges due to compositional, topological, and mechanical differences between the different tissues [ 2 , 4 ]. Here, we used biomimetic self-assembly and microstamping techniques to fabricate a periodontium-like biphasic scaffold, consisting of the mineralized IMC layer (resembling bone and cementum) and the unmineralized collagenized-CGF layer arranged in parallel (mimicking periodontal ligament).…”

“…As one of three major oral diseases listed by the World Health Organization, periodontitis caused by plaque microorganisms not only destroys the periodontal tissues and eventually leads to tooth loss but also impairs general health [ 1 ]. Regeneration of periodontal tissues remains challenging because it is difficult to reconstruct the sophisticated mineralized/unmineralized hierarchical architecture of periodontal tissue [ 2 ]. Novel tissue engineering strategies that combine biodegradable scaffolds with growth factors exhibit great potential in regenerative medicine [ 3 ].…”

Recent progress in materials development and biological properties of GTR membranes for periodontal regeneration

“…Though gene therapy in dental regeneration is at the birth phase and needs a further suggestion for medical trials, the treatment efficiency of gene therapy in the dental regeneration process can develop promising therapeutic opportunities and increase probabilities of integrated well-designed periodontium regeneration (Woo et al, 2021).…”

“…A major restriction of hydrogel in the tissue-engineering technology is the poor mechanical strength. To avoid the hurdle to some degree, numerous surveys utilized chemical modification (Woo et al, 2021).…”

Elements of 3D Bioprinting in Periodontal Regeneration: Frontiers and Prospects

“…They have the ability to guide and promote the recovery process. These scaffolds can consist of one or several components and can be implanted together with stem cells and biologically active factors [6,12,49,62].…”