The Recalled Childhood Gender Identity/Gender Role Questionnaire: Psychometric Properties

Zucker, Kenneth J.; Mitchell, Janet N.; Bradley, Susan J.; Tkachuk, Jan; Cantor, James M.; Allin, Sara

doi:10.1007/s11199-006-9019-x

Cited by 162 publications

(134 citation statements)

References 51 publications

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“…The items were based on those published by Zucker et al (2006) that were most sensitive to sex differences (see also Meyer-Bahlburg et al, 2006). An example item is''As a child, I enjoyed playing rough physical sports such as football (soccer), hockey or rugby''to which responses were ''Almost always,''''Frequently,''''Sometimes,''''Rarely,'' and ''Never.''…”

Section: Recalled Childhood Gender Nonconformity (Cgn)mentioning

confidence: 99%

Fraternal Birth Order and Extreme Right-Handedness as Predictors of Sexual Orientation and Gender Nonconformity in Men

Kishida

Rahman

2015

Arch Sex Behav

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The present study explored whether there were relationships between number of older brothers, handedness, recalled childhood gender nonconformity (CGN), and sexual orientation in men. We used data from previous British studies conducted in our laboratory (N = 1,011 heterosexual men and 921 gay men). These men had completed measures of demographic variables, number and sex of siblings, CGN, and the Edinburgh Handedness Inventory. The results did not replicate the fraternal birth order effect. However, gay men had fewer "other siblings" than heterosexual men (even after controlling for the stopping-rule and family size). In a sub-sample (425 gay men and 478 heterosexual men) with data available on both sibling sex composition and handedness scores, gay men were found to show a significantly greater likelihood of extreme right-handedness and non-right-handedness compared to heterosexual men. There were no significant effects of sibling sex composition in this sub-sample. In a further sub-sample (N = 487) with data available on sibling sex composition, handedness, and CGN, we found that men with feminine scores on CGN were more extremely right-handed and had fewer other-siblings compared to masculine scoring men. Mediation analysis revealed that handedness was associated with sexual orientation directly and also indirectly through the mediating factor of CGN. We were unable to replicate the fraternal birth order effect in our archived dataset but there was evidence for a relationship among handedness, sexual orientation, and CGN. These data help narrow down the number of possible neurodevelopmental pathways leading to variations in male sexual orientation.

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Section: Recalled Childhood Gender Nonconformity (Cgn)mentioning

confidence: 99%

Fraternal Birth Order and Extreme Right-Handedness as Predictors of Sexual Orientation and Gender Nonconformity in Men

Kishida

Rahman

2015

Arch Sex Behav

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“…Participants completed an abbreviated 8-item version of The Recalled Childhood Gender Identity/Gender Role Questionnaire (Zucker et al, 2006). Similar scales have provided good psychometric quality (Zucker, 2005a).…”

Section: Childhood Gender Nonconformitymentioning

confidence: 99%

Gender Nonconformity, Sexual Orientation, and Psychological Well-Being

2011

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Both a same-sex sexual orientation and gender nonconformity have been linked with poorer well-being; however, sexual orientation and gender nonconformity are also correlated. It is, therefore, critical to investigate their independent contributions to well-being. Based on survey responses of 230 female and 245 male high school seniors, the present study is one of the first to provide empirical data on this topic. Both childhood and adolescent gender nonconformity were negatively related to well-being. In the same analyses, neither sexual orientation nor biological sex was a significant predictor of well-being. These results suggest that gender-atypical traits may be more relevant for psychological health than a same-sex sexual orientation. Both environmental and biological influences may account for these findings.

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“…The items were based on those published by Zucker et al (2006) that were most sensitive to sex differences (see also Meyer-Bahlburg et al, 2006). However, here the wording of items was amended so they could be used for both sexes in a British sample (see also Hassan & Rahman, 2007).…”

Section: Recalled Childhood Gender Nonconformitymentioning

confidence: 99%

Gender Nonconformity, Intelligence, and Sexual Orientation

et al. 2011

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The present study explored whether there were relationships among gender nonconformity, intelligence, and sexual orientation. A total of 106 heterosexual men, 115 heterosexual women, and 103 gay men completed measures of demographic variables, recalled childhood gender nonconformity (CGN), and the National Adult Reading Test (NART). NART error scores were used to estimate Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale (WAIS) Full-Scale IQ (FSIQ) and Verbal IQ (VIQ) scores. Gay men had significantly fewer NART errors than heterosexual men and women (controlling for years of education). In heterosexual men, correlational analysis revealed significant associations between CGN, NART, and FSIQ scores (elevated boyhood femininity correlated with higher IQ scores). In heterosexual women, the direction of the correlations between CGN and all IQ scores was reversed (elevated girlhood femininity correlating with lower IQ scores). There were no significant correlations among these variables in gay men. These data may indicate a "sexuality-specific" effect on general cognitive ability but with limitations. They also support growing evidence that quantitative measures of sex-atypicality are useful in the study of trait sexual orientation.

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The Recalled Childhood Gender Identity/Gender Role Questionnaire: Psychometric Properties

Cited by 162 publications

References 51 publications

Fraternal Birth Order and Extreme Right-Handedness as Predictors of Sexual Orientation and Gender Nonconformity in Men

Fraternal Birth Order and Extreme Right-Handedness as Predictors of Sexual Orientation and Gender Nonconformity in Men

Gender Nonconformity, Sexual Orientation, and Psychological Well-Being

Gender Nonconformity, Intelligence, and Sexual Orientation

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