The ReactorSTM: Atomically resolved scanning tunneling microscopy under high-pressure, high-temperature catalytic reaction conditions

Herbschleb, C.T.; Tuijn, P. C. van der; Roobol, S. B.; Navarro, Violeta; Bakker, J.W.; Liu, Q.; Stoltz, Dunja; Cañas‐Ventura, Marta E.; Verdoes, Gijsbert; Spronsen, Matthijs A. van; Bergman, M.; Crama, L.; Taminiau, Ivar; Ofitserov, A.; Baarle, G. J. C. van; Frenken, J.W.M.

doi:10.1063/1.4891811

Cited by 75 publications

(66 citation statements)

References 25 publications

(27 reference statements)

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“…The sensitive dependence of tunneling currents on tip–sample distance and local electron population of states leads to excellent spatial resolution. Besides, STM has been applied to various conditions from ultralow to high pressure or temperature, and in liquid environment as well …”

Section: Measurements Of Single Molecule Reactionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Toward Precision Measurement and Manipulation of Single‐Molecule Reactions by a Confined Space

Qiu

Fato

Yuan

et al. 2019

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All chemical reactions can be divided into a series of single molecule reactions (SMRs), the elementary steps that involve only isomerization of, dissociation from, and addition to an individual molecule. Analyzing SMRs is of paramount importance to identify the intrinsic molecular mechanism of a complex chemical reaction, which is otherwise implausible to reveal in an ensemble fashion, owing to the significant static and dynamic heterogeneity of real‐world chemical systems. The single‐molecule measurement and manipulation methods developed recently are playing an increasingly irreplaceable role to detect and recognize short‐lived intermediates, visualize their transient existence, and determinate the kinetics and dynamics of single bond breaking and formation. Notably, none of the above SMRs characterizations can be realized without the aid of a confined space. Therefore, this Review aims to highlight the recent progress in the development of confined space enabled single‐molecule sensing, imaging, and tuning methods to study chemical reactions. Future prospects of SMRs research are also included, including a push toward the physical limit on transduction of information to signals and vice versa, transmission and recording of signals, computational modeling and simulation, and rational design of a confined space for precise SMRs.

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Section: Measurements Of Single Molecule Reactionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Toward Precision Measurement and Manipulation of Single‐Molecule Reactions by a Confined Space

Qiu

Fato

Yuan

et al. 2019

Small

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“…the reactive medium) during measurement. Among the techniques that have been adapted by instrumental development are infrared spectroscopy, like polarisationmodulated infrared reflection absorption spectroscopy and sum Surface Science 646 (2016) 160-169 frequency generation [6,7], surface x-ray diffraction [8], scanning tunnelling microscopy [9,10], scanning electron microscopy [11], and transmission electron microscopy [12].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

A versatile instrument for ambient pressure x-ray photoelectron spectroscopy: The Lund cell approach

2016

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During the past one and a half decades ambient pressure x-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (APXPS) has grown to become a mature technique for the real-time investigation of both solid and liquid surfaces in the presence of a gas or vapour phase. APXPS has been or is being implemented at most major synchrotron radiation facilities and in quite a large number of home laboratories. While most APXPS instruments operate using a standard vacuum chamber as the sample environment, more recently new instruments have been developed which focus on the possibility of custom-designed sample environments with exchangeable ambient pressure cells (AP cells). A particular kind of AP cell solution has been driven by the development of the APXPS instrument for the SPECIES beamline of the MAX IV Laboratory: the solution makes use of a moveable AP cell which for APXPS measurements is docked to the electron energy analyser inside the ultrahigh vacuum instrument. Only the inner volume of the AP cell is filled with gas, while the surrounding vacuum chamber remains under vacuum conditions. The design enables the direct connection of UHV experiments to APXPS experiments, and the swift exchange of AP cells allows different customdesigned sample environments. Moreover, the AP cell design allows the gas-filled inner volume to remain small, which is highly beneficial for experiments in which fast gas exchange is required. Here we report on the design of several AP cells and use a number of cases to exemplify the utility of our approach.

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“…11 Most of the supporting infrastructure (UHV system, gas handling, vibration isolation) and the general design of the scanner/reactor (coarse approach, UHV/reactor sealing, sample holder) could be directly used for the AFM, and will not be described in detail Roobol et al…”

Section: Designmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…10 Twenty years later, our group was the first to demonstrate atomic resolution under high-pressure, high-temperature conditions using the ReactorSTM. 11,12 Although the ReactorSTM bridges the pressure gap, it can only operate on conductive samples, usually in the form of metal single crystals. To bridge the materials gap, a different scanning probe technique is needed: Atomic Force Microscopy (AFM).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The ReactorAFM: Non-contact atomic force microscope operating under high-pressure and high-temperature catalytic conditions

Roobol

Cañas‐Ventura

Bergman

et al. 2015

Review of Scientific Instruments

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An Atomic Force Microscope (AFM) has been integrated in a miniature high-pressure flow reactor for in-situ observations of heterogeneous catalytic reactions under conditions similar to those of industrial processes. The AFM can image model catalysts such as those consisting of metal nanoparticles on flat oxide supports in a gas atmosphere up to 6 bar and at a temperature up to 600 K, while the catalytic activity can be measured using mass spectrometry. The high-pressure reactor is placed inside an Ultrahigh Vacuum (UHV) system to supplement it with standard UHV sample preparation and characterization techniques. To demonstrate that this instrument successfully bridges both the pressure gap and the materials gap, images have been recorded of supported palladium nanoparticles catalyzing the oxidation of carbon monoxide under high-pressure, high-temperature conditions.

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The ReactorSTM: Atomically resolved scanning tunneling microscopy under high-pressure, high-temperature catalytic reaction conditions

Cited by 75 publications

References 25 publications

Toward Precision Measurement and Manipulation of Single‐Molecule Reactions by a Confined Space

Toward Precision Measurement and Manipulation of Single‐Molecule Reactions by a Confined Space

A versatile instrument for ambient pressure x-ray photoelectron spectroscopy: The Lund cell approach

The ReactorAFM: Non-contact atomic force microscope operating under high-pressure and high-temperature catalytic conditions

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