The Reaction of Formaldehyde with Cellulosic Fibers

Woo, Ho Kun; Dusenbury, Joseph H.; Dillon, J. H.

doi:10.1177/004051755602601002

Cited by 21 publications

(7 citation statements)

References 21 publications

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“…As pointed out in Part I [19], the pH 2.0 treat-ment probably involves a very rapid reaction of considerable extent in the amorphous region, followed by further reaction in the same region, and subsequently some reaction in the crystalline region. It appears, therefore, that effective improvement in wrinkle recoverability is attained only when extensive cross-linking has taken place between molecular chains in the amorphous regions.…”

Section: Li»iitations Of Tests and Conditionsmentioning

confidence: 84%

“…Section A : Screening Test to Determine Optimum Conditions of Treatment The tensile tests of these screening experiments were carried out only on fabrics, using the conditions for the one-dimensional tests as set forth in the previous section. Two tests, both in the warp direction, were made for each untreated sample and the samples treated under every set of reaction conditions described in the studies on reaction mechanism [19]. The wrinkle-recovery tests were also made on warp samples.…”

Section: Li»iitations Of Tests and Conditionsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…(1) To supplement the rate and mechanism studies [19] in elucidating the nature of the reaction of formaldehyde with three cellulosic fibers of different states of internal order.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Section A consists of a cursory examination of the breaking strengths, breaking extensions, and crease recoveries of all the fabrics resulting from each set of reaction conditions described in the Part I paper [ 19] . These screening tests permitted the selection of a set of optimum treatment conditions under which significant improvements in wrinklerecovery characteristics are obtained without excessive losses in breaking strengths.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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The Reaction of Formaldehyde with Cellulosic Fibers

Woo

Dillon

Dusenbury

1956

Textile Research Journal

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The effects of an acid-catalyzed formaldehyde treatment on such mechanical properties as breaking strength and crease recovery have been determined for three cellulosic fabrics: cotton, Fortisan, and viscose rayon. Samples of these materials, treated under a selected set of conditions, were compared with three "controls": untreated fabric, fabric treated with distilled water under the conditions of the formaldehyde treatment, and fabric treated with the acid solution used in the formaldehyde treatment under the same conditions. The two-dimensional load-elongation behavior of the fabrics was investigated, and comparisons were made with the results of corresponding one-dimensional tests. The mechanical properties of single fibers and yarns taken from the variously treated fabrics were also measured.In general, cotton fabrics showed a deterioration in mechanical properties due to formaldehyde cross-linking with respect to the acid-treated control, while correspondingly, Fortisan and viscose rayon were improved by such treatment. In the case of cotton fibers and fabrics, it was found that the formaldehyde treatment had reduced the fiber and fabric elastic moduli with respect to the acid-treated control, although the formaldehyde treatment had also reduced correspondingly the fiber and fabric breaking strains. The deterioration in mechanical properties caused by hydrochloric acid was most marked in the case of Fortisan. It was found that generally the properties of single fibers, yarns, and fabrics are closely related.The improvement in crease recovery caused by the formaldehyde treatment was greatest for cotton, less for Fortisan, and least for viscose rayon. These different responses to the cross-linking reaction appear to be related to the different states of internal order of the three cellulosic fibers. Crease-recovery tests carried out on all the variously treated fabrics showed that marked improvements in crease recovery were usually obtained only with those treated at an initial pad-bath pH of 2.0, which indicates that a high degree of cross-linking of the hydroxyl groups in the amorphous regions of the fibers is necessary to achieve high degrees of crease recovery.

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Section: Li»iitations Of Tests and Conditionsmentioning

confidence: 84%

Section: Li»iitations Of Tests and Conditionsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…(1) To supplement the rate and mechanism studies [19] in elucidating the nature of the reaction of formaldehyde with three cellulosic fibers of different states of internal order.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

See 2 more Smart Citations

The Reaction of Formaldehyde with Cellulosic Fibers

Woo

Dillon

Dusenbury

1956

Textile Research Journal

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“…Presumably, a portion of the strength loss results from hydrolysis of the cellulose by the acid catalyst [23,24]. A satisfactory process should employ an acid catalyst that causes the cross-linking reaction to go in a matter of minutes and, at the same time, avoids hydrolysis of the cellulose.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Vapor-Phase Treatment of Cotton, Fabrics with Formaldehyde Catalyzed by Sulfur Dioxide1

Wilson¹,

Gamarra²,

Swidler³

1968

Textile Research Journal

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A process has been developed for cross-linking cotton fabrics with formaldehyde at temperatures between 80°C and 130°C using sulfur dioxide as a catalyst. Reaction times of 2-5 min are required. To obtain wrinkle recovery angles between 300° and 330°, fabrics should be pretreated with a soft film-forming additive. Wash-wear ratings of 41 2 and crease retention ratings of 4 were obtained with twill. Trouser cuffs made from twill or printcloth had approximately double the laundering life of cuffs of equal wash-wear ratings made with Permafresh.

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The resilience of chemically modified cottons. I. Reactions of alkali cellulose and of sodium cellulosates with methylene dibromide

Lobunez

Dusenbury

1961

J of Applied Polymer Sci

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A study has been made of the reactions of alkali cellulose with methylene dihalides, particularly methylene dibromide. These reactions have involved cotton cellulose in a swollen state, and the treated fabrics have been found to exhibit improved wet crease recovery, with little or no effect on dry crease recovery. The rates of reaction of methylene dibromide with alkali celluloses prepared from potassium hydroxide have been found to be more than double those with alkali cellulosed prepared from sodium hydroxide. The energies of activation in both cases are about 25 kcal./mole, statistically indistinguishable for the two types of alkali, and consistent with the view that covalent bonds are being formed in the course of reaction. The implications and limitations of these results are discussed. Studies have also been made of the reactions of sodium cellulosates with methylene dibromide. In one case, the sodium cellulosates were prepared by reaction of the cellulose with sodium dissolved in liquid ammonia. Here, the reactions appear interesting, but essentially difficult to control. Sodium cellulosates were also prepared by reaction of the cellulose with sodium isoamylate in xylene. When proper care is taken to exclude water from the reaction system, it is found that the reproducibility of duplicate experiments is quite good and that the rate of reaction of the sodium cellulosate with methylene dibromide is much greater than that found for an alkali cellulose prepared from sodium hydroxide.

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The Reaction of Formaldehyde with Cellulosic Fibers

Cited by 21 publications

References 21 publications

The Reaction of Formaldehyde with Cellulosic Fibers

The Reaction of Formaldehyde with Cellulosic Fibers

Vapor-Phase Treatment of Cotton, Fabrics with Formaldehyde Catalyzed by Sulfur Dioxide1

The resilience of chemically modified cottons. I. Reactions of alkali cellulose and of sodium cellulosates with methylene dibromide

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