The Rational Locator: Why Travel Times Have Remained Stable

Abstract

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The impact of urban form on commuting in large Chinese cities

“…A polycentric city structure is expected to lead to less congestion than a monocentric structure, which will reduce commuting times (Levinson and Kumar 1994). According to Gordon et al (1989), in monocentric cities, an increase in residential density is generally expected to decrease travel times.…”

“…Commuting patterns are not only influenced by concentration, but also by the form of cities. This urban form can be either polycentric, with clustered development in suburbs, or monocentric, with development concentrated in one main centre (Levinson and Kumar 1994;Gordon et al 1989).…”

The influence of built environment to the trends in commuting journeys in the Netherlands

“…de-industrialisation), the increase in car ownership after World War II was one of the main forces behind the de-concentration of land use. The trend towards motorisation and suburbanisation has greatly affected the way people travel (Cohen and Kocis 1980;Kollo and Purvis 1984;Levinson and Kumar 1994). Changes in jobs, homes and residential locations have been particularly instrumental in shaping commuting patterns.…”

Assessing the potential of bus rapid transit-led network restructuring for enhancing affordable access to employment – The case of Johannesburg's Corridors of Freedom

“…Firstly, the concept of the travel-time budget, by now well-established in the literature, suggests that people habitually plan for a fixed total amount of travel in their day (e.g. Zahavi, 1974;Levinson and Kumar, 1994). It is argued that commuters have a 'reasonable travel time budget' or 'acceptable travel time' (Milakis et al, 2015) that they can absorb with little or no cost consequences.…”