The Rational Animal: How Evolution made us Smarter than we Think

Mahmoud, Omar

doi:10.2501/ijmr-2016-018

Cited by 28 publications

(34 citation statements)

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“…Later in his career, however, Freud (1920Freud ( , 1925Freud ( , 1938 limited the role of the Unc, now called Id, and assigned a primary function to self-preservation motives and to the unconscious Ego, which tests reality and is guided by considerations concerning safety. This higher mental functioning hypothesis, which Freud developed in some of his later works, perfectly matches recent findings of neurosciences and cognitive and evolutionary sciences, according to which the human mind is characterized by a series of conscious and unconscious processes, selected by natural evolution, that allow the individual to adapt to her or his environment (Huang & Bargh, 2014;Kenrick, 2011;Kenrick & Griskevicius, 2013;Lewicki et al, 1992;Panksepp & Biven 2012;Wilson, 2012).…”

supporting

confidence: 75%

Preliminary Data about the Validation of a Self-Report for the Assessment of Interpersonal Guilt: The Interpersonal Guilt Rating Scales–15s (IGRS-15s)

Gazzillo

Gorman

Luca

et al. 2018

Psychodynamic Psychiatry

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The aim of this article is to present validation data about a self-report rating scale for the assessment of interpersonal guilt according to Control-Mastery Theory (CMT; Silbershatz, 2005; Weiss, 1993; Weiss, Sampson, & The Mount Zion Psychotherapy Research Group, 1986), the Interpersonal Guilt Rating Scale-15s (IGRS-15s). In order to perform the validation of this tool in an Italian sample we have collected a sample of 645 nonclinical subjects. They had to complete the IGRS-15s, the Scale for the Measurement of the Impending Punishment (SMIP; Caprara et al., 1990), the Interpersonal Guilt Questionnaire-67 (IGQ-67; O'Connor et al., 1997), the Psychological General Well-Being Index (PGWBI; Dupuy, 1984), and the Affective Neuroscience Personality Scales (ANPS; Davis, Panksepp, & Normansell, 2003), together with an ad-hoc questionnaire for collecting demographic data, the Socio-Demographical Schedule. We have performed a confirmatory factor analysis to verify if the four-factor solution based on CMT and replicated in previous research (Gazzillo et al., 2017) was confirmed. Then, we checked the retest reliability of IGRS-15s after four weeks in a random subsample of 54 subjects. In order to assess its concurrent and discriminant validity, we calculated the correlations between IGRS-15s assessment and SMIP and IGQ-67. Finally, to test its construct validity, we assessed the relationships between the IGRS-15s and the affective systems using the ANPS and the wellbeing assessed with the PGWBI. The data collected support the retest reliability and the concurrent and discriminant validity of the measure, and we have collected preliminary data about its construct validity. Examples of the possible clinical and research applications of this tool are discussed.

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supporting

confidence: 75%

Preliminary Data about the Validation of a Self-Report for the Assessment of Interpersonal Guilt: The Interpersonal Guilt Rating Scales–15s (IGRS-15s)

Gazzillo

Gorman

Luca

et al. 2018

Psychodynamic Psychiatry

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“…Rather, humans show many predictable biases in attention, perception, memory, and decision-making (e.g., Kahneman, 2011). Cognitive biases are likely to represent adaptations which aid in survival and reproduction in the environment in which we live (e.g., Kenrick & Griskevicius, 2013; Haselton et al, 2009). For example, it has been shown that monkeys and humans detect more quickly and allocate more attention to snakes than to flowers or other harmless organisms (monkeys: Öhman & Mineka, 2001; humans: LoBue & DeLoache, 2008).…”

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confidence: 99%

Early Experience Affects the Strength of Vigilance for Threat in Rhesus Monkey Infants

2014

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Both human and nonhuman primates exhibit a cognitive bias to social threat, but little is known about how this bias develops. We investigated the development of threat bias in free-ranging infant rhesus macaques (Macaca mulatta) at 3 (N = 45) and 9 (N = 46) months of age. Three-month-old infant monkeys did not display bias, but 9-month-olds exhibited increased maintenance of attention to threatening social stimuli (vigilance for threat). To examine whether the social environment affected vigilance for threat, behavioral data on maternal rank and protectiveness were collected across the first 12 weeks of life for infants tested at 9 months. Nine-month-old infants of high-ranking mothers and more protective mothers displayed greater vigilance for threat than infants of lower-ranking and less protective mothers. These results demonstrate that infant social cognition is malleable and shaped by mothers both directly (protectiveness) and indirectly (rank), as maternal characteristics affect infants’ social experiences.

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“…This may be because more intelligent individuals are better able to comprehend the evolutionarily novel entities of complete anonymity and absolutely no possibility of knowing future interactions and make the rational decision to defect. In contrast, less intelligent individuals may have greater difficulty comprehending such evolutionarily novel entities, and, as a result, make the theoretically irrational (albeit evolutionarily rational) decision to cooperate (Kenrick & Griskevicius, 2013).…”

mentioning

confidence: 98%

Happiness in modern society: Why intelligence and ethnic composition matter

Kanazawa

2015

Journal of Research in Personality

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The Rational Animal: How Evolution made us Smarter than we Think

Cited by 28 publications

References 0 publications

Preliminary Data about the Validation of a Self-Report for the Assessment of Interpersonal Guilt: The Interpersonal Guilt Rating Scales–15s (IGRS-15s)

Preliminary Data about the Validation of a Self-Report for the Assessment of Interpersonal Guilt: The Interpersonal Guilt Rating Scales–15s (IGRS-15s)

Early Experience Affects the Strength of Vigilance for Threat in Rhesus Monkey Infants

Happiness in modern society: Why intelligence and ethnic composition matter

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