The ratio of second- and fourth-digit lengths and congenital adrenal hyperplasia due to 21-hydroxylase deficiency

Ökten, Ayşenur; Kalyoncu, Mukaddes; Yarış, Nilgün

doi:10.1016/s0378-3782(02)00073-7

Cited by 281 publications

(203 citation statements)

References 29 publications

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“…This report is therefore the second published study to find such a difference in ASD. As discussed in the introduction, 2D:4D ratio is known to be sexually dimorphic, with males having on average higher 2D:4D ratios than females (Manning et al, 1998;Ö kten et al, 2002). Although a significant sex difference of 2D:4D was not seen in the typically developing children in the sample presented here, this is thought to be due to the small sample size (10 males and 13 females).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 61%

“…It has long been known that the relative length of these digits is close to 1.0 in women but is lower in men (Phelps, 1952). This has been experimentally recorded in a number of number of recent studies (Brown, Hines, Fane, & Breedloves, 2002;Manning, 2002;Manning, Baron-Cohen, Wheelwright, & Sanders, 2001;Ö kten, Kalyoncu, & Yaris, 2002), and has also been demonstrated in metacarpal length of male and female baboons (McFadden & Bracht, 2003). Additionally, 2D:4D correlates with testosterone concentration in adult males (Manning et al, 1998), and masculinised (lower) 2D:4D is found in females with congenital adrenal hyperplasia, a genetic disorder which leads to high levels of prenatal androgens (Brown et al, 2002).…”

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confidence: 61%

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Motion and Form Coherence Detection in Autistic Spectrum Disorder: Relationship to Motor Control and 2:4 Digit Ratio

Milne

White²,

Campbell³

et al. 2006

J Autism Dev Disord

124

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Children with autistic spectrum disorder and controls performed tasks of coherent motion and form detection, and motor control. Additionally, the ratio of the 2nd and 4th digits of these children, which is thought to be an indicator of foetal testosterone, was measured. Children in the experimental group were impaired at tasks of motor control, and had lower 2D:4D than controls. There were no group differences in motion or form detection. However a sub-group of children with autism were selectively impaired at motion detection. There were significant relationships between motion coherence detection and motor control in both groups of children, and also between motion detection, fine motor control and 2D:4D in the group of children with autistic spectrum disorder.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 61%

mentioning

confidence: 61%

Motion and Form Coherence Detection in Autistic Spectrum Disorder: Relationship to Motor Control and 2:4 Digit Ratio

Milne

White²,

Campbell³

et al. 2006

J Autism Dev Disord

124

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

show abstract

“…As many somatic sex differences result from prenatal androgen masculinization, it has been suggested that prenatal testosterone is responsible for the sex difference in mean 2D:4D ratio, with the latter being negatively correlated with testosterone [2,4]. Strong evidence for the role of androgen comes from the association between the 2D:4D ratio and congenital adrenal hyperplasia (CAH), a condition of elevated androgen production, as both males and females with CAH have smaller 2D:4D than controls [5,6]. Also female dizygotic twin fetuses growing next to males were found to have lower ratio than the ones growing next to females [7,8] suggesting the influence of some level of androgen diffusion.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Digit ratio (2D:4D) in newborns: Influences of prenatal testosterone and maternal environment

Ventura

Gomes

Pita

et al. 2013

Early Human Development

150

164

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Introduction: The 2D:4D digit ratio is sexually-dimorphic, probably due to testosterone action through the perinatal period. We characterize the 2D:4D ratio in newborn (NB) infants, in between the pre-and postnatal surges of testosterone, and relate it to the mother's 2D:4D and to testosterone levels in the amniotic fluid (AF). Subjects and methods: Testosterone was assayed in samples of maternal plasma and AF collected at amniocentesis. Shortly after birth, 106 NBs and their mothers were measured for 2D:4D ratio. Results: NB males had lower mean 2D:4D ratios than females but this dimorphism was significant only for the left hand (males: 0.927; females: 0.950; p =0.004). Mothers who had sons had lower 2D:4D ratios than those who had daughters and the mother's 2D:4D were higher than those of NBs regardless of sex. Both hands of NB females were negatively correlated with AF testosterone and positively correlated with the mother's 2D:4D, but males showed no significant associations. Maternal plasma testosterone also showed a negative weak correlation with NB's digit ratio in both sexes. Conclusions: Sexual dimorphism at birth was only significant for the left hand, in contrast with reports of greater right hand dimorphism, suggesting that postnatal testosterone is determinant for 2D:4D stabilization. The lower 2D:4D ratios in mothers who had sons support claims that hormone levels in parents are influential for determining their children's sex. NB female's digit ratio, but not males', was associated to the level of AF testosterone. The mother's 2D:4D ratios were positively correlated with their daughters' 2D:4D, but the same was not observed for male NBs, suggesting that prenatal testosterone levels in male fetus lead their 2D:4D ratios to stray from their mothers' with high individual variability.

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“…For example, males suffering from congenital adrenal hyperplasia (CAH), an enzymatic deficiency that entails excessive levels of androgens during the foetal period, have particularly low 2D:4D ratio [7]. More generally, men exposed to high levels of prenatal androgens develop low 2D:4D ratio [4,7].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Digit ratio (2D:4D) predicts facial, but not voice or body odour, attractiveness in men

et al. 2011

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There is growing evidence that human second-to-fourth digit ratio (or 2D:4D) is related to facial features involved in attractiveness, mediated by in utero hormonal effects. The present study extends the investigation to other phenotypic, hormone-related determinants of human attractiveness: voice and body odour. Pictures of faces with a neutral expression, recordings of voices pronouncing vowels and axillary odour samples captured on cotton pads worn for 24 h were provided by 49 adult male donors. These stimuli were rated on attractiveness and masculinity scales by two groups of 49 and 35 females, approximately half of these in each sample using hormonal contraception. Multivariate regression analyses showed that males' lower (more masculine) right 2D:4D and lower right-minus-left 2D:4D (Dr2l) were associated with a more attractive (and in some cases more symmetrical), but not more masculine, face. However, 2D:4D and Dr2l did not predict voice and body odour masculinity or attractiveness. The results were interpreted in terms of differential effects of prenatal and circulating testosterone, male facial shape being supposedly more dependent on foetal levels (reflected by 2D:4D ratio), whereas body odour and vocal characteristics could be more dependent on variation in adult circulating testosterone levels.

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The ratio of second- and fourth-digit lengths and congenital adrenal hyperplasia due to 21-hydroxylase deficiency

Cited by 281 publications

References 29 publications

Motion and Form Coherence Detection in Autistic Spectrum Disorder: Relationship to Motor Control and 2:4 Digit Ratio

Motion and Form Coherence Detection in Autistic Spectrum Disorder: Relationship to Motor Control and 2:4 Digit Ratio

Digit ratio (2D:4D) in newborns: Influences of prenatal testosterone and maternal environment

Digit ratio (2D:4D) predicts facial, but not voice or body odour, attractiveness in men

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