The rate and motives of the internationalisation of large firm R&D (1994–2005): Towards a turning point?

The catalytic effect of internationalization on innovation

“…Next, although international competition brings about increased patenting activities, our study provides evidence that international competition could urge multinationals to concentrate on the appropriability of their R&D investment as measured by the degree of patent originality, generality, and self-citation; the results, with a panel data spanning more than 20 years, reconfirm the evidence obtained by Le Bas and Sierra (2002) and Laurens, Le Bas, Schoen, Villard, and Larédo (2015), which shows that MNEs devote their resources to capturing market opportunities worldwide by exploiting their existing technologies. However, the exploitation activities are not without cost since they sacrifice basic research and exploration activities at the same time, attested by the decrease in several patentrelated measures following internationalization.…”

“…The above evidence implies that the increased patent appropriability following the trend of internationalization is the consequence of global market exploitation, which is a comparative analogy to the finding of Le Bas and Sierra () and Laurens et al ().…”

Neither core nor periphery: The search for competitive advantage in the automotive semi‐periphery

“…It draws upon time-series statistics related to capital and R&D expenditures from Statistics Canada, Canada's national statistical agency. These data are useful for capturing overall trends, but their utility for in-depth analysis is limited by | 43 MORDUE anD SWEEnEY confidentiality regulations that limit access to firm-level data, making it difficult to compare data across firms or jurisdictions (see Dunning & Lundan, 2009;Laurens et al, 2015;Moncada-Paternò-Castello et al, 2010;Ó hUallacháin et al, 2018).…”

“…Others provide valuable nuance to these debates. For example, Laurens, Bas, Schoen, Villard, and Larédo () conclude that the internationalization of manufacturing R&D is subject to ebbs and flows and that different patterns of R&D internationalization exist among U.S., European, and Asian firms. This point is particularly germane to studies of automotive R&D. In general, there is a propensity for automakers to locate R&D close to their corporate headquarters (Hannigan, Cano‐Kollmann, & Mudambi, ; Pavlínek, ; Van Biesebroeck & Sturgeon, ).…”

How MNEs respond to environmental regulation: integrating the Porter hypothesis and the pollution haven hypothesis

“…The subsidiaries bring external benefits to the foreign locations and at the same time they may benefit from local technological context; accordingly, knowledge and technologies developed in the subsidiaries may be transferred from subsidiaries to the parent company (Ambos et al 2006). However, MNEs carry out the bulk of their R&D at home (Laurens et al 2014) and, especially in developing countries, the subsidiaries are more likely to exploit existent knowledge base rather than being actively promoter of new knowledge, since developing countries are lagging behind in terms of technological competences (Athreye et al 2014).…”