The rate and cost of hospital-acquired infections occurring in patients admitted to selected specialties of a district general hospital in England and the national burden imposed

Plowman, R.; Graves, Nicholas; Griffin, Marsha; Roberts, J. A. Fraser; Swan, Anne; Cookson, B.; Taylor, Lynda

doi:10.1053/jhin.2000.0881

Cited by 392 publications

(295 citation statements)

References 12 publications

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“…Antimicrobial nanoparticulate films preparation is a topic of increasing attention since their objective is to reduce or eliminate the formation of infectious bacteria biofilms leading to hospital acquired infections (HAI) [1][2][3][4]. But more effective bacterial inactivation are needed due to the increasing resistance of pathogenic bacteria to synthetic antibiotics administered for long times [5].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

ZrNO–Ag co-sputtered surfaces leading to E. coli inactivation under actinic light: Evidence for the oligodynamic effect

Rtimi

Pascu

Sanjinés

et al. 2013

Applied Catalysis B: Environmental

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a b s t r a c tThis study reports visible light sensitive ZrNO and ZrNO-Ag polyester samples prepared by sputtering in an Ar/N 2 /O 2 atmosphere leading to Escherichia coli bacterial inactivation. The bacterial inactivation by ZrNO avoids the increasing environmental concern involving the fate of Ag-leaching of many disinfectants. The simultaneous co-sputtering of ZrNO and Ag 2 O enhanced the E. coli bacterial inactivation kinetics compared to the sequential sputtering of ZrNO and Ag. A reaction mechanism is suggested triggered by photoinduced interfacial charge transfer (IFCT) suggesting electron injection form the Ag 2 O cb to the ZrO 2cb . The sizes of the ZrO 2 and Ag nanoparticles in the co-sputtered ZrNO-Ag were 80-130 nm and 8-15 nm respectively as determined by high angular annular dark field (HAADF) microscopy. Evidence is presented by X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) for the self-cleaning of the photocatalysts after bacterial inactivation. This enabled a stable catalyst reuse. The XPS experimental spectra of ZrNO and ZrNO-Ag were deconvoluted into their ZrN, ZrNO and ZrO 2 components. The amounts of Ag-ions released during bacterial inactivation were < 5 ppb/cm 2 and well below the Ag cytotoxic levels. Since no cytotoxicity was introduced during the bacterial inactivation process, the ZrNO-Ag disinfection proceeds through an oligodynamic effect.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

ZrNO–Ag co-sputtered surfaces leading to E. coli inactivation under actinic light: Evidence for the oligodynamic effect

Rtimi

Pascu

Sanjinés

et al. 2013

Applied Catalysis B: Environmental

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“…1,2 HCWs may be responsible for patient-to-patient transmission of infection. In addition, there is the risk of patient-to-practitioner transfer that may result in life-or career-threatening consequences.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Leadership in Surgery for Public Sector Hospitals in Jamaica: Strategies for the Operating Room

Cawich

Harding²,

Crandon³

et al. 2013

TPJ

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Surgical operations provide opportunities for the transmission of infection between patients and healthcare workers (HCWs) and between patients. This risk may increase in under-developed and developing countries by low compliance with infection control (IC) policies and precautions. This study investigated HCWs attitude and compliance with infection control practices in the operating department (OD) of a Jamaican teaching hospital, with the objective of obtaining data to design evidence-based interventions. A single-centre, cross-sectional, descriptive study, using a self-administered questionnaire, was conducted between March and May 2009. Ninety doctors and forty-two nurses, representing 73% and 75% respectively of their total OD population, participated in the study. Reported compliance was low: only 17% of all participants were compliant with all of the seven infection control policies inquired into. The results also showed that HCWs were selective in what practices they adhered to: reported rates of compliance were high for hand-washing (100%), use of gloves (98%), use of gowns (83%) and facemasks (87%); but low for use of eye protection mask (56%), not re-sheathing needles (46%) and changing clothes when exiting and re-entering the OD (55%). Discrepancies were observed between attitude and compliance rates in such cases as 'use of facemasks'-low favourableattitude (68%) but high compliance; 'use of eye protection masks'-high favourable-attitude (100%) but low Corresponding Author

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“…Plowman et al, 18 2001 Haley et al, 1 1981 Haley et al, 1 1981 Scheckler, 3 1980 Haley et al, 1 1981 Medina et al, 26 1997 Rubinstein et al, 2 1982 Coello et al, 17 All studies used matched control subjects for attribution of additional length of stay to hospital-acquired infection, except where * indicates that a cohort study with regression modeling was used and + indicates that the concurrent method or physician review was used. All studies used matched control subjects for attribution of additional length of stay to hospital-acquired infection, except where * indicates that a cohort study with regression modeling was used, f indicates that the concurrent method or physician review was used, and * indicates that the estimate was not used in modeling presented in this article.…”

Section: A P P E N D I Xmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…These data have been used to raise the profile of hospital-acquired infection among policy makers 30 and, if appropriately derived, they proxy the value of the potential economic benefits that result from programs that prevent hospitalacquired infection. 31 Although the prevalence of hospital-acquired infections in New Zealand hospitals and estimates of the cumulative incidence have been reported, 3233 no estimates of the economic cost of these infections have been published. The purpose of this article is to model the cost attributable to hospital-acquired infections occurring among adult patients admitted to the general medical and surgical services of Auckland District Health Board Hospitals for calendar year 1999 and patients admitted to all hospitals in New Zealand for the 1998-1999 financial year.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Modeling the Costs of Hospital-Acquired Infections in New Zealand

Graves

Nicholls²,

Morris³

2003

Infect. Control Hosp. Epidemiol.

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OBJECTIVE:To model the economic costs of hospitalacquired infections (HAIs) in New Zealand, by type of HAL DESIGN: Monte Carlo simulation model. SETTING: Auckland District Health Board Hospitals (DHBH), the largest publicly funded hospital group in New Zealand supplying secondary and tertiary services. Costs are also estimated for predicted HAIs in admissions to all hospitals in New Zealand.PATIENTS: All adults admitted to general medical and general surgical services.METHOD: Data on the number of cases of HAI were combined with data on the estimated prolongation of hospital stay due to HAI to produce an estimate of the number of bed days attributable to HAI. A cost per bed day value was applied to provide an estimate of the economic cost. Costs were estimated for predicted infections of the urinary tract, surgical wounds, the lower and upper respiratory tracts, the bloodstream, and other sites, and for cases of multiple sites of infection. Sensitivity analyses were undertaken for input variables. RESULTS:The estimated costs of predicted HAIs in medical and surgical admissions to Auckland DHBH were $10.12 (US $4.56) million and $8.64 (US $3.90) million, respectively. They were $51.35 (US $23.16) million and $85.26 (US $38.47) million, respectively, for medical and surgical admissions to all hospitals in New Zealand.CONCLUSIONS: The method used produces results that are less precise than those of a specifically designed study using primary data collection, but has been applied at a lower cost. The estimated cost of HAIs is substantial, but only a proportion of infections can be avoided. Further work is required to identify the most cost-effective strategies for the prevention of HAI (Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol 2003;24:214-223 27 Israel, 28 and France. 29 The findings illustrate the impact of the disease on the acute and the community healthcare sectors, patients, caregivers, and the wider economy. These data have been used to raise the profile of hospital-acquired infection among policy makers 30 and, if appropriately derived, they proxy the value of the potential economic benefits that result from programs that prevent hospitalacquired infection. 31 Although the prevalence of hospital-acquired infections in New Zealand hospitals and estimates of the cumulative incidence have been reported, 3233 no estimates of the economic cost of these infections have been published. The purpose of this article is to model the cost attributable to hospital-acquired infections occurring among adult patients admitted to the general medical and surgical services of Auckland District Health Board Hospitals for calendar year 1999 and patients admitted to all hospitals in New Zealand for the 1998-1999 financial year.The cost analysis includes only hospital costs because recent work has shown that 93.4% of the total costs of hospital-acquired infection fall on the hospital sector 34 and assessing the remaining costs, those that fall on primary and community care services and the patients themselves, would involve extensi...

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The rate and cost of hospital-acquired infections occurring in patients admitted to selected specialties of a district general hospital in England and the national burden imposed

Cited by 392 publications

References 12 publications

ZrNO–Ag co-sputtered surfaces leading to E. coli inactivation under actinic light: Evidence for the oligodynamic effect

ZrNO–Ag co-sputtered surfaces leading to E. coli inactivation under actinic light: Evidence for the oligodynamic effect

Leadership in Surgery for Public Sector Hospitals in Jamaica: Strategies for the Operating Room

Modeling the Costs of Hospital-Acquired Infections in New Zealand

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