“…Research of this sort often correlates patient outcome with such measures as the Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory (MMPI; e.g., Shealy, Lowe, & Ritzler, 1980; Strassberg, Reimherr, Ward, Russell, & Cole, 1981), locus of control devices (e.g., Poole, Dunn, Sanson-Fisher, & German, 1981; Woodward & Jones, 1980), self-efficacy measures (e.g., DiClemente, 1981; Williams, Dooseman, & Kleifield, 1984), or demographic characteristics (e.g., Dumas & Wahler, 1983; Ellsworth et al, 1979). These measures are probably popular because they are commonly collected at the beginning of treatment and thus provide ready data bases for post hoc examination.…”