We use Galois cohomology to study the p-rank of the class group of Q(N 1/p ), where N ≡ 1 mod p is prime. We prove a partial converse to a theorem of Calegari-Emerton, and provide a new explanation of the known counterexamples to the full converse of their result. In the case p = 5, we prove a complete characterization of the 5-rank of the class group of Q(N 1/5 ) in terms of whether or not (N −1)/2 k=1 k k and √ 5−1 2 are 5th powers mod N .