The range and frequency dependence of VHF—UHF man-made radio noise in and above metropolitan areas

Skomal, Edward N.

doi:10.1109/t-vt.1970.23452

Cited by 13 publications

(7 citation statements)

References 12 publications

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“…AWGN model realistically represents the thermal noise at the receiver, but ignores the impulsive nature of atmospheric noise, electromagnetic interference (EMI), or man-made noise which might be dominant in many applications. For instance, automotive ignition noise, power transmission lines, and arc generating circuit components are examples of impulsive noise sources, which are encountered mainly in metropolitan areas [9]. In indoor wireless communication, devices with electromechanical switches such as electrical motors in elevators, refrigerators units, photocopy machines, and printers are considered as impulsive noise sources.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Cooperative diversity in the presence of impulsive noise

Al-Dharrab

Uysal

2009

IEEE Trans. Wireless Commun.

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Abstract-Although there already exists a rich literature on cooperative diversity, current results are mainly restricted to the conventional assumption of additive white Gaussian noise (AWGN). AWGN model realistically represents the thermal noise at the receiver, but ignores the impulsive nature of atmospheric noise, electromagnetic interference, or man-made noise which might be dominant in many practical applications. In this paper, we investigate the performance of cooperative communication over Rayleigh fading channels in the presence of impulsive noise modeled by Middleton Class A noise. Specifically, we consider a multi-relay network with amplify-and-forward relaying. Through the derivations of pairwise error probability, we quantify the diversity advantages. Based on the minimization of a union bound on the error rate performance, we formulate optimal power allocation schemes and demonstrate significant performance gains over their counterparts with equal power allocation. An extensive Monte Carlo simulation is also presented to illustrate the performance of cooperative schemes in various impulsive environments.Index Terms-Cooperative diversity, impulsive noise, spacetime block codes, pairwise error probability, power allocation.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Cooperative diversity in the presence of impulsive noise

Al-Dharrab

Uysal

2009

IEEE Trans. Wireless Commun.

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“…The large majority of these studies have focused on stationary, fixed location measurements taken over the course of hours and days at locations deemed representative of an area use class (Esposito & Buck, 1973;Achatz & Dalke, 2001;Wagstaff & Merricks, 2005;Wepman & Sanders, 2011;Achatz, Lo, Papazian, Dalke, & Hufford, 1998;Dalke, Achatz, Lo, Papazian, & Hufford, 1997). Several studies have conducted airborne measurements to capture variability over a city (Skomal, 1969;Skomal, 1970;Roy, 1981;Cudak, Swenson, & Cochran, 1991). The scale of these observations is on the scale of kilometers, showing the largest noise powers in the downtown and decreasing as one moves away from the city center.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The scale of these observations is on the scale of kilometers, showing the largest noise powers in the downtown and decreasing as one moves away from the city center. Skomal (1970) reports a path loss exponent of 1.8 as distance increases in frequency bands between 150 and 500 MHz.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Isarithmic mapping of radio-frequency noise in the urban environment

Haedrich¹,

Breton²,

Wilson³

2020

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Radio-frequency (RF) background noise is a spatially-varying and critical parameter for predicting radio communication system and electromagnetic sensor performance in urban environments. Previous studies have measured urban RF noise at fixed, representative locations. The Cold Regions Research and Engineering Laboratory (CRREL) has developed a tunable system for conducting mobile RF noise measurements in the VHF and UHF and shown that urban RF noise characteristics vary significantly and repeatably at a scale of tens of meters (Haedrich & Breton, 2019). CRREL also found high-powered regions in Boston, MA that are persistent over time. However, since previous studies conducted stationary measurements or measurements along linear transects, little is known about the 2-dimensional topography of urban noise and the spatial distribution and characteristics of these high-powered regions. In this paper, we present the results of a dense, block-grid survey of downtown Boston, MA at 142 and 246.5 MHz with measurements taken every meter along each street. We present isarithmic maps of median noise power and describe the spatial distribution, shape and other characteristics of the high-powered regions. We compare the rate of noise power decay around high-powered regions to losses predicted by a power law model of path loss. 15. SUBJECT TERMS Cities and towns, Radio frequency, Radio measurements, Noise 16. SECURITY CLASSIFICATION OF: 17. LIMITATION OF ABSTRACT 18. NUMBER OF PAGES 19a. NAME OF RESPONSIBLE PERSON a. REPORT

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“…Published studies of urban‐related radio frequency (RF) noise date back to at least the 1940s (George, ), with significant efforts from 1960 to 1970 (Buehler & Lunden, ; Bruckert & Sangster, ; Skomal, ; ) and continuing to the present day (Fockens et al., ; Middleton, ; Palaios et al., ; Parsons & Sheikh, ; Skomal, ). Nearly all of these measurements were conducted from a small number of fixed locations (Achatz & Dalke, ; Dalke et al., ; Esposito & Buck, ; Wagstaff & Merricks, ; Wepman & Sanders, ) using large vehicles to house the necessary equipment, power supplies, and temperature control and provide suitable mounting structures for the measurement antenna.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Street‐Scale Mapping of Urban Radio Frequency Noise at Very High Frequency and Ultra High Frequency

et al. 2019

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Modern measurement campaigns of man-made radio frequency (RF) noise have reported results from fixed locations that are assumed to be representative of the surroundings. Models derived from these measurements include parameters to express the variability in time and in space over very large distances (i.e., differences between cities). Despite the rapidly evolving mixture of noise sources, especially in modern urban environments, spatial variation of RF noise power at the scale of streets and blocks is essentially unknown in the very high frequency and ultra high frequency bands. Using a portable calibrated noise measurement system of our design, RF noise was recorded over a 1-MHz bandwidth for frequencies of 142.0, 246.5, and 972 MHz. Noise surveys were conducted during daytime working hours in two different neighborhoods within Boston, Massachusetts, USA, with each survey transiting a fixed, several kilometer long route, repeated twice to enable separation of temporal from spatial variability. Significant and spatially repeatable variations in median power, peak power, and voltage deviation were observed over distances of tens to hundreds of meters, dependent upon the measurement frequency. The observed spatial patterns of median and peak power appear to be repeatable on timescales of hours to weeks, and likely beyond, suggesting that these noise patterns are persistent features of the urban environment.

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The range and frequency dependence of VHF—UHF man-made radio noise in and above metropolitan areas

Cited by 13 publications

References 12 publications

Cooperative diversity in the presence of impulsive noise

Cooperative diversity in the presence of impulsive noise

Isarithmic mapping of radio-frequency noise in the urban environment

Street‐Scale Mapping of Urban Radio Frequency Noise at Very High Frequency and Ultra High Frequency

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