The Radioactivity of Thorium Incandescent Gas Lantern Mantles

Abstract

The use of thorium in providing the intense white luminescence emitted from gas mantles, has a history of some 130 years, the initial application pre-dating by several decades large-scale urban electric lighting. Accordingly, the thoriated gas mantle has proved itself to be of enormous utility, remaining popular in more rural areas well into the 20th century, continuing to enjoy use in campsites and street night markets lanterns until today. The discovery of thorium in 1828 preceded the discovery of radioactivity, with subsequent little appreciation initially of any potential harm from exposure to radioactivity. Study has been made herein of small quantities of five different types of the thoriated gas mantle, all purchased online devoid of any control measures. Several approaches were used concerning the 232Th activity and dose consequence. First, the activity of 232Th was estimated using an HPGe detector, with sample M5 providing the greatest activity at 1.25 × 104 Bq, exceeding the exemption limit for thorium in a mantle. Compared to sample M5, samples M1 to M4 were low in radioactivity, from 5.1 ± 1.31 to 16.33 ± 1.92 Bq. Moreover, the thorium content in M5 constituted 50% of the mantle mass, somewhat greater than previous literature values. The dose equivalent rate on the surface of a single M5 mantle was found to be 0.68 µSv/h, while at the surface of a pack of six the level was 1.9 µSv/h. Monte Carlo simulation codes have been used to obtain organ equivalent and effective dose rates, the greatest close contact (10 cm) exposure to an unlit mantle being to the thymus, at 0.68 µSv/h and 0.62 µSv/h for a male and female phantom respectively. Accordingly, with packages of thoriated gas mantles potentially giving rise to non-negligible equivalent doses, greater incorporation of controls on the sale of such items in national radiation protection legislation would seem worthy of consideration.

Thorium Removal, Recovery and Recycling: A Membrane Challenge for Urban Mining

“…Membranes 2023, 13, x FOR PEER REVIEW 3 of 39 various materials and under the conditions of inattention in recycling or selective collection, thorium ends up in the environment [22]. In addition to its surprising use in toothpaste, in the dating of hominids, as a contrast agent in certain radiological examinations or as a filament in incandescent light bulbs, lamps, lanterns, and thorium mantles [23], it is also used for technical applications in which it is practically irreplaceable: crucibles for high temperatures, welding electrodes and alloys (aluminum, magnesium, steel), lamps for special electronic equipment, mantles in the metallurgical industry, industrial catalysts (ammonia, sulfuric acid, cracking hydrocarbons), the manufacture of thorium-mixed oxide tablets and uranium, oxygen detectors, and lenses for various optical and opto-electronic devices (having excellent wavelength dispersion and high refractive index) [24,25].…”

“…We can conclude that thorium, although radioactive, can be found in the aerospace industry, automobile industry, chemical and metallurgical industry, electrotechnical industry, electronics industry, dentistry (cements for dentistry, optical and surgical instruments, manufacturing), and in art objects (alloys, jewelry, sculptures, statues) [26,27], which leads to thorium being an environmental pollutant [28][29][30]. In addition to its surprising use in toothpaste, in the dating of hominids, as a contrast agent in certain radiological examinations or as a filament in incandescent light bulbs, lamps, lanterns, and thorium mantles [23], it is also used for technical applications in which it is practically irreplaceable: crucibles for high temperatures, welding electrodes and alloys (aluminum, magnesium, steel), lamps for special electronic equipment, mantles in the metallurgical industry, industrial catalysts (ammonia, sulfuric acid, cracking hydrocarbons), the manufacture of thorium-mixed oxide tablets and uranium, oxygen detectors, and lenses for various optical and opto-electronic devices (having excellent wavelength dispersion and high refractive index) [24,25].…”

The naturally occurring radioactivity of ‘scalar energy’ pendants and concomitant radiation risk

“…Using the ORTEC GEM Series P-type coaxial HPGe detector, gamma spectrometry measurements were made for each of the 20 pendants, with an example shown in Fig 5 Ac (338 keV and 911 keV), 212 Bi (727 keV), and 208 Tl (583 keV and 2614 keV), secular equilibrium being assumed [23].…”