The radiation-induced changes in rectal mucosa: Hyperfractionated vs. hypofractionated preoperative radiation for rectal cancer

Mobility of Molecules and Ions Solubilized in Protein Gels: Diffusion in the Thick Fraction of Hen Egg White

“…The concentration of Ru(bpy) 3 2þ used in both steady-state and time-resolved experiments was 50 μM. Optical absorption spectra were obtained using a Varian UVÀvis spectrophotometer (model Cary 4000), and optical emission spectra were obtained using a Horiba Scientific Fluorolog spectrofluorimeter (model FL3-1/IHR320 IR).…”

“…Samples were heated from À50 to þ50°C with a heating rate of 10°C/min. ' RESULTS AND DISCUSSION Ru(bpy) 3 2þ Photophysical Properties in Water and Egg White. In a diffusion-controlled reaction in true solutions, the reactants are able to move freely within the solvent bulk.…”

“…However, if reactants involved in the same diffusion-controlled reaction occurring in a macromolecular solution interact with macromolecules, then this must be taken into account. To determine whether Ru(bpy) 3 2þ interacts with proteins comprising the thick fraction hydrogel, the photophysics of Ru(bpy) 3 2þ was explored using fluorescence spectroscopy. Both absorption and emission spectra of MLCT band (which has a partial ligandto-solvent character) in the thick fraction of egg white exhibit a 3 nm bathochromic shift from those in pure water (data not shown).…”

“…Luminescence decays in both pure water and the thick fraction of egg white can be fit with firstorder exponential decays (inset in Figure 1). To confirm further whether Ru(bpy) 3 2þ interacts with proteins, the rotational diffusion of Ru(bpy) 3 2þ (using steady-state depolarization) was monitored in pure water, and the thick fraction of egg white was monitored using the procedure described in ref 12. The anisotropy value for Ru(bpy) 3 2þ in pure water in the wavelength range of 550À700 nm was determined to be 0.000 ( 0.003.…”

“…To confirm further whether Ru(bpy) 3 2þ interacts with proteins, the rotational diffusion of Ru(bpy) 3 2þ (using steady-state depolarization) was monitored in pure water, and the thick fraction of egg white was monitored using the procedure described in ref 12. The anisotropy value for Ru(bpy) 3 2þ in pure water in the wavelength range of 550À700 nm was determined to be 0.000 ( 0.003. This is to be expected because the three ligands on Ru(bpy) 3 2þ are equivalent and electron hopping occurs between the ligands, resulting in an anisotropy value of zero.…”