The Racialization of Islam in the United States: Islamophobia, Hate Crimes, and “Flying while Brown”

Considine, Craig

doi:10.3390/rel8090165

Cited by 80 publications

(53 citation statements)

References 31 publications

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“…Edward Said's groundbreaking studies on race and religion notably set the foundation for how we understand race and Islam. A Muslim identity was viewed in opposition culturally, religiously, and racially to the West and Christianity, with the most overt form coalescing around the notion of Islamophobia (Considine 2017). We can trace the emergence of Islamophobia to the Crusades and its shifting and blending form into Orientalism in support of colonization and imperial racial ideology.…”

Section: Racialization Of Muslims and Islammentioning

confidence: 99%

“My Hijab Is Like My Skin Color”: Muslim Women Students, Racialization, and Intersectionality

Karaman

Christian

2020

Sociology of Race and Ethnicity

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During the past several years a growing body of literature has encouraged sociologists to examine the intersection of race and Islam as a distinct form of racialization. What is further needed is an understanding of the experiences of racialization of Muslims through the prism of intersectionality. Applying and expanding Selod’s (2018a, 2018b) conceptualization of “gendered racialization” we argue American and international Muslim college women in the United States experience racialization at the intersection of nationality-culture; how their corporeal bodies are gendered and racially signified; religious-political expression; and legal-political policies and practices. Using data from 34 Muslim women college students we argue, first, that they are being racialized in similar practices and feel un-American and that they do not belong but how they mitigate racialization differs based on their intersecting identities. Specifically, the intersecting forces of nationality, gender and racial body signification, and religious-political expression are pertinent. Second, Muslim women college students negotiate their racialization with different coping strategies informed by their intersecting identities, notably their nationality and how they are bodily signified. These findings expose how whiteness is a malleable process for Muslim college women and choosing how to navigate racialization is determined by competing identities.

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Section: Racialization Of Muslims and Islammentioning

confidence: 99%

“My Hijab Is Like My Skin Color”: Muslim Women Students, Racialization, and Intersectionality

Karaman

Christian

2020

Sociology of Race and Ethnicity

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“…Since 9-11 and the more recent election of Donald Trump, Muslims in the United States have faced an increasing barrage of prejudice and discrimination from their fellow Americans, with reports of hate crimes based on race and religion growing each year (Considine 2017). As a result of this increasing hostility towards Muslims, especially visible Muslims who wear hijab or native clothing, first and second generation Muslim American youth may experience what Berry referred to as reverse acculturation.…”

Section: The Development Of Acculturation Measuresmentioning

confidence: 99%

Assessing Aspects of Acculturation in a Muslim American Sample: Development and Testing of the Acculturation Scale for Muslim Americans

Bagasra

Mackinem

2019

Religions

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Acculturation of Muslims into the American culture continues to be a topic of deep interest. The purpose of this study was to examine acculturation in a sample of both American-born and Immigrant Muslim Americans. Two hundred and fifty five Muslim Americans completed a scale designed to assess two aspects of acculturation within the population: adherence to Islamic identity and conformity to American social norms. The survey was distributed in both a paper-based and online anonymous format consisting of demographic questions and the acculturation scale designed for this study. Results revealed that both immigrants and U.S. born Muslim Americans demonstrate a strong adherence to their Islamic identity and low levels of conformity to American social norms. American-born Muslims scored significantly lower on conformity to American social norms than immigrant Muslims. Study findings are consistent with previous research suggesting that Muslim Americans are less likely to sacrifice religious values to assimilate. Specific item results provide insight into what aspects of American culture Muslims are more willing to adopt, and which they are likely to shun. These findings demonstrate the challenges Muslim Americans face integrating in an increasingly hostile host culture.

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“…Since 2015, in the U.S. there has been a dramatic increase in the number of anti-Muslim hate groups and in reported acts of violence against Muslims and people perceived to be Muslim (Bayoumi, 2015;Beydoun, 2018;Nagel, 2016;Considine, 2017). This rise in Islamophobiathe discrimination and fear of Muslims as a racialized group of people (Love, 2012: 192) -is evident in the record number of anti-Muslim incidents which occurred in 2015-2016, surpassing the historic peak following the September 11, 2001 terror attacks (Kishi 2017).…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Invasion and colonization: Islamophobia and anti-refugee sentiment in West Virginia

Gorman

Culcasi

2020

Environment and Planning C: Politics and Space

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Amidst a rise in hate crimes, hate group organizing, and anti-Muslim and anti-refugee policy making in the United States, this paper examines efforts by a national hate group to organize opposition to the resettlement of Syrian Muslim refugees in West Virginia, a non-traditional refugee destination. Through analysis of materials disseminated at a public seminar titled the “Invasion and Colonization of West Virginia,” we identify four unique social-spatial themes this group is using to make alarmist and conspiratorial claims about Muslim refugees invading and colonizing the state and nation. These themes include the language of smallness, which affixes a white and Christian identity to certain spaces and suggests that these spaces are threatened. Spatial themes of ‘fresh territory’ and ‘sowing seeds’ are used to frame refugee resettlement as an assertion of social-spatial control to change ‘small spaces’ and ultimately change America. Claims of invasion and colonization function powerfully through the fourth theme of the “Other Islamic Bomb,” which frames Muslim women’s fertility as the vehicle of the invasion and colonization. This paper adds to emerging literature on the geographies of Islamophobia by examining not only the convergence of anti-Muslim and anti-refugee sentiment but its mobilization in regionally and locally specific contexts. The analysis demonstrates the dynamic interplay between spatial and social claims on which these alarmist narratives rely to vilify Muslims and refugees and to foment opposition in places not historically associated with immigration or refugee resettlement.

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The Racialization of Islam in the United States: Islamophobia, Hate Crimes, and “Flying while Brown”

Cited by 80 publications

References 31 publications

“My Hijab Is Like My Skin Color”: Muslim Women Students, Racialization, and Intersectionality

“My Hijab Is Like My Skin Color”: Muslim Women Students, Racialization, and Intersectionality

Assessing Aspects of Acculturation in a Muslim American Sample: Development and Testing of the Acculturation Scale for Muslim Americans

Invasion and colonization: Islamophobia and anti-refugee sentiment in West Virginia

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