The race between host and sea lice in the Chilean salmon farming: a genomic approach

Gallardo‐Escárate, Cristian; Arriagada, Gabriel; Carrera, Crisleri; Gonçalves, Ana Teresa; Núñez‐Acuña, Gustavo; Valenzuela-Miranda, Diego; Valenzuela-Muñoz, Valentina

doi:10.1111/raq.12334

Cited by 34 publications

(24 citation statements)

References 115 publications

(277 reference statements)

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“…2015; Gallardo‐Escárate et al . 2019) and presently remains high (Helgesen et al . 2018), although in areas where wild salmonids are abundant, flow of susceptible genes from lice on wild hosts may help to maintain treatment efficacy (Kreitzman et al .…”

Section: Maintaining Long‐term Efficacymentioning

confidence: 99%

Prevention not cure: a review of methods to avoid sea lice infestations in salmon aquaculture

Barrett

Oppedal

Robinson

et al. 2020

Reviews in Aquaculture

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The Atlantic salmon aquaculture industry still struggles with ectoparasitic sea lice despite decades of research and development invested into louse removal methods. In contrast, methods to prevent infestations before they occur have received relatively little research effort, yet may offer key benefits over treatment‐focused methods. Here, we summarise the range of potential and existing preventative methods, conduct a meta‐analysis of studies trialling the efficacy of existing preventative methods and discuss the rationale for a shift to the prevention‐focused louse management paradigm. Barrier technologies that minimise host–parasite encounter rates provide the greatest protection against lice, with a weighted median 76% reduction in infestation density in cages with plankton mesh ‘snorkels’ or ‘skirts’, and up to a 100% reduction for fully enclosed cages. Other methods such as geographic spatiotemporal management, manipulation of swimming depth, functional feeds, repellents and host cue masking can drive smaller reductions that may be additive when used in combination with barrier technologies. Finally, ongoing development of louse‐resistant salmon lineages may lead to long‐term improvements if genetic gain is maintained, while the development of an effective vaccine remains a key target. Preventative methods emphasise host resistance traits while simultaneously reducing host–parasite encounters. Effective implementation has the potential to dramatically reduce the need for delousing and thus improve fish welfare, productivity and sustainability in louse‐prone salmon farming regions.

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Section: Maintaining Long‐term Efficacymentioning

confidence: 99%

Prevention not cure: a review of methods to avoid sea lice infestations in salmon aquaculture

Barrett

Oppedal

Robinson

et al. 2020

Reviews in Aquaculture

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“…Sea lice are marine copepods that negatively impact the salmon aquaculture worldwide. Two of the most studied sea lice species are Caligus rogercresseyi and Lepeophtheirus salmonis 1,2 . Annually the salmon farming industry accounts $480 million in losses associated with sea lice, representing 10% of production costs [3][4][5] .…”

Section: Background and Summarymentioning

confidence: 99%

“…This transcriptomic resource served as a basis to identify genes involved in molting, cuticle formation, myogenesis, metabolism, immune response, nervous system development and reproduction. Notably, this gene set has served as a basis for the design of new vaccines 2 .…”

Section: Background and Summarymentioning

confidence: 99%

Chromosome-scale genome assembly of the sea louse Caligus rogercresseyi by SMRT sequencing and Hi-C analysis

et al. 2021

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Caligus rogercresseyi, commonly known as sea louse, is an ectoparasite copepod that impacts the salmon aquaculture in Chile, causing losses of hundreds of million dollars per year. In this study, we report a chromosome-scale assembly of the sea louse (C. rogercresseyi) genome based on single-molecule real-time sequencing (SMRT) and proximity ligation (Hi-C) analysis. Coding RNAs and non-coding RNAs, and specifically long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs) and microRNAs (miRNAs) were identified through whole transcriptome sequencing from different life stages. A total of 23,686 protein-coding genes and 12,558 non-coding RNAs were annotated. In addition, 6,308 lncRNAs and 5,774 miRNAs were found to be transcriptionally active from larvae to adult stages. Taken together, this genomic resource for C. rogercresseyi represents a valuable tool to develop sustainable control strategies in the salmon aquaculture industry.

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“…Lice infection produces skin damage in infected fish, facilitating other opportunistic pathogens [ 24 ]. Molecular studies have highlighted the various immune response mechanisms in play during C. rogercresseyi infestation, such as an increase in inflammatory cytokines, iron regulation, protease secretion, immunoglobulin levels, and Th1 and Th2 responses [ 25 , 26 ]. The intracellular bacterium, Piscirickettsia salmonis, is the etiological agent of salmonid rickettsial septicemia (SRS).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Chimeric Protein IPath® with Chelating Activity Improves Atlantic Salmon’s Immunity against Infectious Diseases

et al. 2021

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Infection processes displayed by pathogens require the acquisition of essential inorganic nutrients and trace elements from the host to survive and proliferate. Without a doubt, iron is a crucial trace metal for all living organisms and also a pivotal component in the host–parasite interactions. In particular, the host reduces the iron available to face the infectious disease, increasing iron transport proteins’ expression and activating the heme synthesis and degradation pathways. Moreover, recent findings have suggested that iron metabolism modulation in fish promotes the immune response by reducing cellular iron toxicity. We hypothesized that recombinant proteins related to iron metabolism could modulate the fish’s immune system through iron metabolism and iron-responsive genes. Here a chimeric iron transport protein (IPath®) was bioinformatically designed and then expressed in a recombinant bacterial system. The IPath® protein showed a significant chelating activity under in vitro conditions and biological activity. Taking this evidence, a vaccine candidate based on IPath® was evaluated in Atlantic salmon challenged with three different fish pathogens. Experimental trials were conducted using two fish groups: one immunized with IPath® and another injected with adjutant as the control group. After 400 accumulated thermal units (ATUs), two different infection trials were performed. In the first one, fish were infected with the bacterium Aeromonas salmonicida, and in a second trial, fish were exposed to the ectoparasite Caligus rogercresseyi and subsequently infected with the intracellular bacterium Piscirickettsia salmonis. Fish immunized with IPath® showed a significant delay in the mortality curve in response to A. salmonicida and P. salmonis infections. However, no significant differences between infected and control fish groups were observed at the end of the experiment. Notably, sea lice burden reduction was observed in vaccinated Atlantic salmon. Transcriptional analysis evidenced a high modulation of iron-homeostasis-related genes in fish vaccinated with IPath® compared to the control group during the infection. Moreover, increasing expression of Atlantic salmon IgT was associated with IPath® immunization. This study provides evidence that the IPath® protein could be used as an antigen or booster in commercial fish vaccines, improving the immune response against relevant pathogens for salmon aquaculture.

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The race between host and sea lice in the Chilean salmon farming: a genomic approach

Cited by 34 publications

References 115 publications

Prevention not cure: a review of methods to avoid sea lice infestations in salmon aquaculture

Prevention not cure: a review of methods to avoid sea lice infestations in salmon aquaculture

Chromosome-scale genome assembly of the sea louse Caligus rogercresseyi by SMRT sequencing and Hi-C analysis

Chimeric Protein IPath® with Chelating Activity Improves Atlantic Salmon’s Immunity against Infectious Diseases

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