The rabbit diencephalon in stereotaxic coordinates

Sawyer, Charles H.; Everett, John W.; Green, John D.

doi:10.1002/cne.901010307

Cited by 797 publications

(187 citation statements)

References 19 publications

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“…After fixation in Formalin, (i) the level of decerebration was determined macroscopically, and (ii) frozen sections of 40 μm thickness were cut frontally and then stained for Nissl substance with cresyl violet. The location of the electrode tip was determined microscopically, with reference to the stereotaxic atlases of the rabbit brain [8,30].…”

Section: Histological Proceduresmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…1). Inspection of brainstem slices has shown that the "mesencephalic locomotor region" in the rabbit was located approximately at Horsley-Clarke coordinates (P12.5, L3, H-3), and corresponded to nucleus cuneiformis according to the stereotaxic atlases of the rabbit's brain [8,30].…”

Section: Stimulation Of Mlr-mlrmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The effective area was located at the depth of 17-18 mm from the dorsal surface of the brainstem; its HorsleyClarke coordinates were (P12.5, LR0, H-11). This area corresponded to the nucleus raphe magnus [8,30].…”

Section: Stimulation Of Vtf-vtfmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Structures delineated by interrupted lines are located in parasagittal planes (LR 1-4). (Based on the stereotaxic atlases of the rabbit brain [8,30]). MLR, mesencephalic locomotor region; VTF, ventral tegmental field.…”

Section: Activation Of Postural Mechanisms In Postmammillary Rabbitsmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Postural performance in decerebrated rabbit

Musienko

Zelenin

Lyalka

et al. 2008

Behavioural Brain Research

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It is known that animals decerebrated at the premammillary level are capable of standing and walking without losing balance, in contrast to postmammillary ones which do not exhibit such behavior. The main goals of the present study were, first, to characterize the postural performance in premammillary rabbits, and, second, to activate the postural system in postmammillary ones by brainstem stimulation. For evaluation of postural capacity of decerebrated rabbits, motor and EMG responses to lateral tilts of the supporting platform and to lateral pushes were recorded before and after decerebration. In addition, the righting behavior (i.e., standing up from the lying position) was video recorded.We found that, in premammillary rabbits, responses to lateral tilts and pushes were similar to those observed in intact ones, but the magnitude of responses was reduced. During righting, premammillary rabbits assumed the normal position slower than intact ones.To activate the postural system in postmammillary rabbits, we stimulated electrically two brainstem structures, the mesencephalic locomotor region (MLR) and the ventral tegmental field (VTF). The MLR stimulation (prior to elicitation of locomotion) and the VTF stimulation caused an increase of the tone of hindlimb extensors, and enhanced their responses to lateral tilts and to pushes.These results indicate that the basic mechanisms for maintenance of body posture and equilibrium during standing are present in decerebrated animals. They are active in the premammillary rabbits but need to be activated in the postmammillary ones.

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Section: Histological Proceduresmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Stimulation Of Mlr-mlrmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Stimulation Of Vtf-vtfmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Activation Of Postural Mechanisms In Postmammillary Rabbitsmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Postural performance in decerebrated rabbit

Musienko

Zelenin

Lyalka

et al. 2008

Behavioural Brain Research

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“…One end of the canulae was left open for breathing and the other end was connected with a 500 ml water reservoir with a dripping infusion apparatus, through which the fresh water or sea water was infused into the trachea at a rate of 0.5 to 2.0 ml per min. Implantation of permanent electrodes was done by the method reported previously (Komura et al 1973), according to the atlas of Sawyer et al (1954) and Monnier and Gangloff (1961). The position of cortical and subcortical electrodes was as follows: Cortex sensitivo-motorius (Cm) at anterior (A) 4, lateral (L) 3; Cortex opticus (Co) at posterior (P) 10, L 9; Cortex sensitivus (Cse), P 3, L 9; Amygdala (Amg), A 3, L 6.5, Height (H), 17.5; Nucl.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Electrophysiological Studies on Slowly Induced Sea and Fresh Water Drowning in Rabbits

Fujimura

Kômura

Furuno

et al. 1979

Tohoku J. Exp. Med.

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-255 -Surface and deep electroencephalograms , electrocardiogram and behavior of 10 male rabbits were studied by infusing fresh water or sea water slowly at a speed of 0.5-2.0 ml/min, by means of a dripping apparatus, into the canulated trachea until the death of the animals.From the behavior of the animal and EEG and ECG findings, the course was divided into 4 stages. The 1st, alert stage; 2nd, adapted or calm stage; 3rd, dyspnea stage; and 4th, covering from the agonal spasm to ECG silence. The course of this drowning death was quite different from that due to a large amount of water aspirated within a short period. The volume of fresh water needed to kill the animals was 7 times larger than that of the sea water in this method, and the latter was less than half of the volume of sea water necessary for the death due to short period aspira tion. The mechanism of death seems to be slow and prolonged asphyxia and, among the terminal events in fresh water drowning, there might occur marked pulmonary hypertension that results in a high degree of lung edema.In the ECG at terminal stage, final bradycardia (84.4% of normal pulse rate) at around the time of surface EEG disappearance, and final tachycardia (142.7% of normal pulse rate) about 120 sec later than final bradycardia and 40 min later than deep EEG disappearance were observed consistently. After clinical signs of death ECG still continued to beat slowly for 1-2 hr.slowly induced sea and fresh water drowning; permanent electrode; EEG; ECG Since the first heart transplantation was performed in 1967 in our country, the donor-problem has been widely discussed all over Japan, not only from the medical but also from the ethical and moral aspects. One of the authors, as a surgeon, has experienced an operative death case in which continuous ECG tracing was taken for more than one hr after the clinical signs of death. But the courses of events around the time of death of living creatures were not clearly documented so as to be readily applied for the resuscitation and/or organ transplantation etc. by any physicians or surgeons.

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Electroencephalographic Effects of Intracarotid Amobarbital on Epileptic Activity

Rovit¹

1960

Arch Neurol

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The rabbit diencephalon in stereotaxic coordinates

Cited by 797 publications

References 19 publications

Postural performance in decerebrated rabbit

Postural performance in decerebrated rabbit

Electrophysiological Studies on Slowly Induced Sea and Fresh Water Drowning in Rabbits

Electroencephalographic Effects of Intracarotid Amobarbital on Epileptic Activity

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