The Quiet Eye As A Factor In Athlete Decision Making

Vickers, Joan N.

doi:10.1037/e548052012-096

Cited by 111 publications

(265 citation statements)

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“…For the subcomponents of the quiet eye period, no outcome-related differences were predicted for QE-preprograming (Vine et al 2013), whereas longer durations of QE-online (Vine et al 2013) and QE-dwell (Vickers 1992, 2004, 2007; Vine et al 2013) were predicted for low-RE compared to high-RE putts. With regard to the role of preprograming, it is predicted that the longer putts will require longer QE-preprograming duration compared to shorter putts (Williams et al 2002).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 94%

“…In golf putting, it is thought that an effective quiet eye period consists of: (1) a single, long, continuous fixation on the back of the ball; (2) an onset before backswing; (3) a continued fixation through the backstroke, forestroke and contact; (4) a dwell time after contact (Vickers 2007; Vine et al 2013). It is suggested that prioritising task-relevant visuo-spatial information for skill execution during the final fixation leads to a reduction in cortical resources associated with analytical processing and attention to irrelevant sensory cues (Vickers 2009).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…In golf putting, online control equates to the use of visual and/or proprioceptive feedback to adjust the movement after initiation (Vickers 2007). This idea is not new, but has received very little research attention.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Quiet eye facilitates sensorimotor preprograming and online control of precision aiming in golf putting

et al. 2016

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An occlusion protocol was used to elucidate the respective roles of preprograming and online control during the quiet eye period of golf putting. Twenty-one novice golfers completed golf putts to 6-ft and 11-ft targets under full vision or with vision occluded on initiation of the backswing. Radial error (RE) was higher, and quiet eye was longer, when putting to the 11-ft versus 6-ft target, and in the occluded versus full vision condition. Quiet eye durations, as well as preprograming, online and dwell durations, were longer in low-RE compared to high-RE trials. The preprograming component of quiet eye was significantly longer in the occluded vision condition, whereas the online and dwell components were significantly longer in the full vision condition. These findings demonstrate an increase in preprograming when vision is occluded. However, this was not sufficient to overcome the need for online visual control during the quiet eye period. These findings suggest the quiet eye period is composed of preprograming and online control elements; however, online visual control of action is critical to performance.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 94%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Quiet eye facilitates sensorimotor preprograming and online control of precision aiming in golf putting

et al. 2016

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“…For example, Moore et al (2012) manipulated novice golfers into either a challenge or a threat state before a pressurized golf putting task. As well as outperforming participants manipulated into a threat state, the participants who were manipulated into a challenge state fixated the golf ball for longer before initiating the putting action (i.e., longer quiet eye durations; Vickers, 2007), indicating superior task-specific visuomotor control. These results were replicated in a follow-up study, with experienced golfers manipulated into a threat state displaying inferior performance and shorter fixations on the golf ball before the putting action compared to golfers manipulated into a challenge state (Moore et al, 2013).…”

Section: Attentional Controlmentioning

confidence: 99%

An Integrative Framework of Stress, Attention, and Visuomotor Performance

2016

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The aim of this article is to present an integrative conceptual framework that depicts the effect of acute stress on the performance of visually guided motor skills. We draw upon seminal theories highlighting the importance of subjective interpretations of stress on subsequent performance and outline how models of disrupted attentional control might explain this effect through impairments in visuomotor control. We first synthesize and critically discuss empirical support for theories examining these relationships in isolation. We then outline our integrative framework that seeks to provide a more complete picture of the interacting influences of stress responses (challenge and threat) and attention in explaining how elevated stress may lead to different visuomotor performance outcomes. We propose a number of mechanisms that explain why evaluations of stress are related to attentional control, and highlight the emotion of anxiety as the most likely candidate to explain why negative reactions to stress lead to disrupted attention and poor visuomotor skill performance. Finally, we propose a number of feedback loops that explain why stress responses are often self-perpetuating, as well as a number of proposed interventions that are designed to help improve or maintain performance in real world performance environments (e.g., sport, surgery, military, and aviation).

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“…Expert and novice athletes are not characterized by differences in tests of basic visual function, such as visual acuity or light sensitivity (Helsen & Starkes, 1999a), but rather they differ in their visual search behavior (for a review, see Vickers, 2007). Visual search behavior is characterized by eye movements and fixations, which ensure that visual input is available to the cognitive system.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Visual search behaviors of association football referees during assessment of foul play situations

et al. 2016

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It is well reported that expert athletes have refined perceptual-cognitive skills and fixate on more informative areas during representative tasks. These perceptual-cognitive skills are also crucial to performance within the domain of sports officials. We examined the visual scan patterns of elite and sub-elite association football referees while assessing foul play situations. These foul play situations (open play and corner kick situations) were presented on a Tobii T120 Eye Tracking monitor. The elite referees made more accurate decisions and differences in their visual search behaviors were observed. For the open play situations, referees in the elite group spent significantly more time fixating the most informative area of the attacking player (contact zone) and less time fixating the body part that was not involved in the infringement (non-contact zone). Furthermore, the average total fixation time in the contact zone and non-contact zone tended to differ between the elite and sub-elite referees in corner kick situations. In conclusion, elite level referees have learned to discern relevant from less-relevant information in the same way as expert athletes. Findings have implications for the development of perceptual training programs for sport officials.Electronic supplementary materialThe online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s41235-016-0013-8) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.

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The Quiet Eye As A Factor In Athlete Decision Making

Cited by 111 publications

References 0 publications

Quiet eye facilitates sensorimotor preprograming and online control of precision aiming in golf putting

Quiet eye facilitates sensorimotor preprograming and online control of precision aiming in golf putting

An Integrative Framework of Stress, Attention, and Visuomotor Performance

Visual search behaviors of association football referees during assessment of foul play situations

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