The quest for universal curves to describe the surface sensitivity of electron spectroscopies

Powell, Cedric J.

doi:10.1016/0368-2048(88)85012-6

Cited by 205 publications

(40 citation statements)

References 54 publications

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“…In brief, this calculation takes into account photoionization cross sections, as calculated by Scofield;24 experimentally determined instrument transmission functions, according to Hemminger et al;25 orbital asymmetry factors corrected for elastic scattering;26–28 and attenuation lengths of electrons in solids 23. The attenuation length is assumed to vary with the electron kinetic energy (KE) according to KE 0,75 29. The uncertainty of the calculated concentrations, associated with the counting statistics and signal/background ratios, is calculated according to Siegbahn et al19…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Effect of surface‐grafted ionic groups on the performance of cellulose‐fiber‐reinforced thermoplastic composites

Cai

Riedl

Aı̈t-Kadi

2003

J Polym Sci B Polym Phys

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The influence of the surface chemistry of the cellulose fiber and polymer matrix on the mechanical and thermal dynamic mechanical properties of cellulose‐fiber‐reinforced polymer composites was investigated. The cellulose fiber was treated either with a coupling agent or with a coupling‐agent treatment followed by the introduction of quaternary ammonium groups onto the fiber surface, whereas the polymer matrix, with opposite polar groups such as polystyrene incorporated with sulfonated polystyrene and poly(ethylene‐co‐methacrylic acid), was compounded with the fiber. The grafting of the fiber surface was investigated with Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy and X‐ray photoelectron spectroscopy. Experimental results showed that an obvious improvement in the mechanical strength could be achieved for composites with an ionic interface between the fiber and the polymer matrix because of the adhesion enhancement of the fiber and the matrix. The improved adhesion could be ascribed to the grafted ionic groups at the cellulose‐fiber surface. © 2003 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part B: Polym Phys 41: 2022–2032, 2003

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Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Effect of surface‐grafted ionic groups on the performance of cellulose‐fiber‐reinforced thermoplastic composites

Cai

Riedl

Aı̈t-Kadi

2003

J Polym Sci B Polym Phys

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“…89,90 It was then expected, based on a model now known to be oversimplified, that the measured intensities would depend exponentially on the thickness of an overlayer film, and it was natural to refer to the exponential constants as attenuation lengths. 94,95 Specifically, available EAL data tended to cluster about a common curve when plotted against electron energy on logarithmic scales, and this curve was referred to as the ''universal curve.'' [91][92][93] One result of these EAL experiments was the development of a construct known as the ''universal curve.''…”

Section: Growth and Trends In Knowledge Of The Surface Sensitivitmentioning

confidence: 99%

Growth and trends in Auger-electron spectroscopy and x-ray photoelectron spectroscopy for surface analysis

Powell

2003

Journal of Vacuum Science &Amp; Technology A: Vacuum, Surfaces, and Films

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Articles you may be interested inPractical expressions for the mean escape depth, the information depth, and the effective attenuation length in Auger-electron spectroscopy and x-ray photoelectron spectroscopy Instrumentation and analytical methods of an x-ray photoelectron spectroscopy-scanning tunneling microscopy surface analysis system for studying nanostructured materials Rev. Sci. Instrum. 77, 083901 (2006); 10.1063/1.2221539 Information depth and the mean escape depth in Auger electron spectroscopy and x-ray photoelectron spectroscopy J. Vac. Sci. Technol. A 21, 274 (2003); 10.1116/1.1538370Consistent, combined quantitative Auger electron spectroscopy and x-ray photoelectron spectroscopy digital databases: Convergence of theory and experiment SiO 2 thickness determination by x-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, Auger electron spectroscopy, secondary ion mass spectrometry, Rutherford backscattering, transmission electron microscopy, and ellipsometry J.

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“…Upon establishing a steady-state surface 9.5%) confidence limits from five independent data sets consisting ol' 210 independent spectra and simulations per energy region. The average at each median energy is joined solely to aid the eye.…”

Section: Room Temperature "Relaxation" Of the Sputtered Su Facementioning

confidence: 99%

Studies on Cr-Mo binary alloys: I. surface composition modifications induced by ion bombardment

Dawson¹,

Petrone²

1991

Radiation Effects and Defects in Solids

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Surface compositional modifications due to room temperature ion bombardment were investigated in thirteen Cr-Mo alloys using Auger Electron Spectroscopy (AES). Preferential sputtering of Cr was observed across the entire composition range. A phenomenological model of the sputtering process was adopted and the results yielded a component sputter rate constant ratio K ( = kc,/kb,<\)= 1.73 i 0.04, insensitive to alloy composition. This value is in good agreement with the enhancement ratio calculated according to Sigmund theory of 1 .h6 Q y( ,/YMt, Q 1.73 and the elemental sputter yield ratio y( , I Yb,<, = 2.22 k 0.74. The homogeneity of the altered layer was investigated using elemental Auger transitions of various sampling depths in the range 20-600 eV. The altered layer was found to be essentially uniform in composition over the sampled depth. The small inhomogeneity suggested by the data was quantified using layer calculations and various profile models. The calculations showed that the inhomogeneity was small in comparison to the overall compositional modifications due to the sputtering process. The experimental results indicate that in the room-temperature sputtering of such refractory alloys, the athermal "ballistic" processes play the dominant role in establishing the steady-state surface composition and its profile. Preferential sputtering determines the compositional perturbation of the surface, and collisional mixing, i.e., displacement mixing and possibly recoil implantation, maintains an essentially uniform composition over the "altered layer" depth. The thermally activated processes of Gibbsian segregation, radiation-induced segregation (RIS) and radiation-enhanced diffusion (RED) appear to play a negligible role.

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The quest for universal curves to describe the surface sensitivity of electron spectroscopies

Cited by 205 publications

References 54 publications

Effect of surface‐grafted ionic groups on the performance of cellulose‐fiber‐reinforced thermoplastic composites

Effect of surface‐grafted ionic groups on the performance of cellulose‐fiber‐reinforced thermoplastic composites

Growth and trends in Auger-electron spectroscopy and x-ray photoelectron spectroscopy for surface analysis

Studies on Cr-Mo binary alloys: I. surface composition modifications induced by ion bombardment

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