The Quaternary evolution of the Gulf of Corinth, central Greece: coupling between surface processes and flow in the lower continental crust

Westaway, Rob

doi:10.1016/s0040-1951(02)00032-x

Cited by 139 publications

(171 citation statements)

References 78 publications

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“…(2012) and Donohue et al (2013) have not considered the possibility that lower-crustal flow might be induced by the pressure variations at depth caused by the evident lateral variations in erosion, or that erosion rates in any locality have varied over time in response to climatic forcing. There is no modelling technique that can explore all the various effects simultaneously; i.e., including the complex perturbations that develop to the thermal state of the crust as a result of the induced lower-crustal flow, and which act as a regulating feedback mechanism (Westaway, 2002a(Westaway, , 2007a, and the complexity of the deformation to the mantle lithosphere that may result (Westaway, 2012), as well as effects of independent preexisting lateral variations in the thickness and thermal state of the continental crust and of independent thermal and buoyancy effects within the sub-lithospheric mantle. We therefore draw the principal conclusion apparent from the empirical evidence, which is that the observed abrupt variations in uplift rates indicated by the fluvial incision, and the evidence for reversals between uplift and subsidence, are consistent with a thin mobile lower-crustal layer.…”

Section: Alternative Interpretationsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Relation between alternations of uplift and subsidence revealed by Late Cenozoic fluvial sequences and physical properties of the continental crust

Westaway

Bridgland

2014

Boreas

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Section: Alternative Interpretationsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Relation between alternations of uplift and subsidence revealed by Late Cenozoic fluvial sequences and physical properties of the continental crust

Westaway

Bridgland

2014

Boreas

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“…Westerly propagation of the NAF has an increased influence on the northern Aegean domain from Pliocene times (~ 3Ma, Gautier et al, 1999). The westward motion of Anatolia is almost entirely accommodated by dextral shearing along the NAF at a velocity estimated at 17-22 mm/a (Westaway, 2002, Clarke et al, 1998 to 28-32 mm/a (Le Pichon et al, 1995).…”

Section: Iii31 Crustal Deformation In the Mediterranean Regionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Thermo-hydraulic conditions in a seismically active zone (Gulf of Corinth, Greece)

Rettenmaier¹,

Forste²,

Hötzl³

2008

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PrefaceIn this thesis the thermo-hydraulic conditions of a seismically active zone have been investigated by means of surface and subsurface investigations, borehole studies and numerical modeling. European research activities in the Gulf of Corinth have been targeted for obtaining data on earthquake sources and fault mechanics and for investigating the role of faults on fluid flow in this seismically active area. In this context, the DFG funded a project aimed at the exploration of the thermo-hydraulic conditions in the area near Aigion and the southern graben shoulder of the northern Peloponnesus including the determination of surface heat flow in a 1000 m deep borehole, which is the scope of this work.First, due to a lack of geological information, a detailed investigation of the geological and tectonical situation was made. Secondly, the hydraulic parameters of the different lithological formations and of the hydraulic behavior of normal faults were determined.Based on the field studies, hydraulic testing, petrophysical well-log analysis, optical-fiber temperature sensing, and laboratory measurement of thermal conductivity, a hydrogeological conceptual model was prepared. This conceptual model formed the basis for a numerical 2-D model of the hydraulic conditions at regional scale at the southern Corinth graben shoulder. Different simulation scenarios were investigated to search for the best-fit model to known parameters.Coupled numerical modeling of groundwater flow and heat transport was then used to get insights in the processes that may be typical for the study area. In the case of the Corinth area, model calibration, as well as sensitivity and plausibility checks allow a prediction on how the thermo-hydraulic system in this seismically active zone is characterized and how the hydraulic conditions affect the heat flow. Surface heat-flow density was unknown in the northern Peloponnesus prior this study. Also unknown was whether the water flow in aquifers results in strong heat advection signals in the temperature field.The coupling of temperature and geothermal parameters to the calibrated hydraulic flow model has shown that some of the intervals are affected by heat advection due to fluid flow, affecting the temperature gradient and hence the heat flow. In a pure conduction heat regime the measured temperature of 32°C from 750 m depth would be increase to 37°C. At the lower model boundary of 1155 m depth the maximal temperature in the conductive 1-D temperature profile is 45°C which is approximately 4.5°C higher than in the coupled thermo-hydraulic flow model. The examination of coupled modeling runs has shown that conductive heat flow of the crust is about 55 mW/m². Finally, it is clear that the quality of input data is playing a major role for the best fitting of a numerical model. Otherwise it was also shown that sometimes generalization is necessary when general restrictions from the modeling software are required. Undoubtedly, the fault zones of the Gulf of Corinth are representing one case...

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“…The Gulf of Corinth is one of the most tectonically active rift zones, with associated subsidence, uplift, and sedimentation (Collier and Gawthorpe, 1995;Collier et al, 1992Collier and Dart, 1991;Leeder et al, 1991), which may be climatically governed (Westaway, 2002). On the south side of the gulf, a well-characterised sequence of Gilberttype deltas (Dart et al, 1994), which continues forming today (Soter, 1998), demonstrates the persistent activity of uplift, erosion, and sedimentation.…”

Section: Location and Geological Settingmentioning

confidence: 99%

A Holocene coral–algal reef at Mavra Litharia, Gulf of Corinth, Greece: structure, history, and applications in relative sea-level change

2005

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A Holocene coral-algal reef at Mavra Litharia, south-central coast of Gulf of Corinth, Greece, is exposed from ca. 2 to 9.3 m above sea level on an uplifting footwall associated with the Eliki Fault. The reef lacks sea-level-critical species but its coralline algal assemblage indicates a ca. 10 m water depth. Reef-frame components date from 9280-8730 years BP to 6343-5993 years BP, so the reef frame grew between ca. 10,000 and 6000 years BP. The youngest dated shells (1860-305 years BP) from the site are accessory organisms collected from the lowest 2 m of outcrop, one of which (Dendropoma) grew at sea level [Stiros, S.C. and Pirazzoli, P., 1998. Late Quaternary coastal changes in the Gulf of Corinth, Greece: tectonics earthquake, archaeology. Guidebook for the Gulf of Corinth Field Trip, Patras University, Greece, Patras, September [14][15][16] 1998]. Reef history has four phases: a) growth and lithification of reef; b) development of smooth-walled dissolution pipes and caves in the reef; c) colonisation of dissolution surfaces by Mn-Fe crusts (that may be bacterially formed), barnacles, serpulid worms, and rock-boring bivalves; and d) uplift to present position where much of the reef is eroded. Sea-level history after 11,500 years BP, when rising post-glacial sea level overtopped the Rio sill and returned the Gulf of Corinth to a marine environment, is reconstructed. Calculations of interplay between sea-level rise and tectonic uplift suggest that between 11,500 and 10,000 years BP sea level rose very quickly, associated with deglaciation at the close of the Younger Dryas, MWP-1B, at a maximum of 25.6 mm/year (broadly consistent with other studies), then slowed to ca. 4.4 mm/year until 6000 years BP when sea level was ca. 3 m below modern, after which sea level rose at ca. 0.5 mm/year to modern day. Tectonic uplift rate of maximum 3 mm/ year, slower than sea-level rise, means that the reef could not catch up to sea level until recent times, explaining its www.elsevier.com/locate/margeo fossil assemblage. The pipe/cave system is interpreted as having formed when the reef top was emerged, but much dissolution occurred beneath sea level because of insufficient time to allow uplift and resubmergence. Intense rainfall during the mid-Holocene pluvial phase, ca. 6000 years BP for the eastern Mediterranean, which affected large areas of the Mediterranean, is suggested as the mechanism and timing of submarine dissolution. D

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The Quaternary evolution of the Gulf of Corinth, central Greece: coupling between surface processes and flow in the lower continental crust

Cited by 139 publications

References 78 publications

Relation between alternations of uplift and subsidence revealed by Late Cenozoic fluvial sequences and physical properties of the continental crust

Relation between alternations of uplift and subsidence revealed by Late Cenozoic fluvial sequences and physical properties of the continental crust

Thermo-hydraulic conditions in a seismically active zone (Gulf of Corinth, Greece)

A Holocene coral–algal reef at Mavra Litharia, Gulf of Corinth, Greece: structure, history, and applications in relative sea-level change

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