The Quasi-Linear Viscoelastic Properties of Diabetic and Non-Diabetic Plantar Soft Tissue

Pai, Shruti; Ledoux, William R.

doi:10.1007/s10439-011-0263-z

Cited by 37 publications

(54 citation statements)

References 44 publications

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“…The results showed that stiffness and energy dissipation increase with loading frequency [39,41]. This was completely in contrast with Bennet and Ker's results, which indicated no changes in energy dissipation and stiffness with different testing frequencies [36].…”

Section: In Vitro Testscontrasting

confidence: 56%

“…While there was no significant difference in the values of viscoelastic coefficients between diabetic and non-diabetic feet, it was claimed that changes in plantar soft tissue were mainly recognised at the structural level, and not reflected effectively at the material level [38,39].…”

Section: In Vitro Testsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Although the in vitro test can provide more repeatable data due to eliminating geometrical complexities of the plantar soft tissue, it cannot provide a realistic assessment of the mechanical behaviour of the plantar soft tissue during weight-bearing activities [38,39]. Furthermore, the in situ tests cannot be used to assess the mechanical behaviour of the heel pad in different individuals.…”

Section: In Situ Testsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Some other studies [39,41] used 2 × 2 cm samples from different sites of plantar soft tissue of cadaveric feet to calculate the elastic and viscoelastic coefficients of a mathematical model for plantar fat pad to compare the properties of the plantar soft tissue between a healthy and a diabetic foot. The results showed that stiffness and energy dissipation increase with loading frequency [39,41].…”

Section: In Vitro Testsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…In some studies, the heel pad behaviour was characterised using an in vitro or in situ method to quantify the material properties of the plantar soft tissue [32,[35][36][37][38][39][40]. Miller-Young et al [35] performed a series of tests on the cylindrical samples of plantar soft tissue extracted from cadaveric feet.…”

Section: In Vitro Testsmentioning

confidence: 99%

See 4 more Smart Citations

Viscoelasticity in Foot-Ground Interaction

Naemi¹,

Behforootan²,

Chatzistergos³

et al. 2016

Viscoelastic and Viscoplastic Materials

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Mechanical properties of the plantar soft tissue, which acts as the interface between the skeleton and the ground, play an important role in distributing the force underneath the foot and in influencing the load transfer to the entire body during weight-bearing activities. Hence, understanding the mechanical behaviour of the plantar soft tissue and the mathematical equations that govern such behaviour can have important applications in investigating the effect of disease and injuries on soft tissue function. The plantar soft tissue of the foot shows a viscoelastic behaviour, where the reaction force is not only dependent on the amount of deformation but also influenced by the deformation rate. This chapter provides an insight into the mechanical behaviour of plantar soft tissue during loading with specific emphasis on heel pad, which is the first point of contact during normal gait. Furthermore, the methods of assessing the mechanical behaviour including the in vitro/in situ and in vivo are discussed, and examples of creep, stress relaxation, rate dependency and hysteresis behaviour of the heel pad are shown. In addition, the viscoelastic models that represent the mechanical behaviour of the plantar soft tissue under load along with the equations that govern this behaviour are elaborated and discussed.

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Section: In Vitro Testscontrasting

confidence: 56%

Section: In Vitro Testsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: In Situ Testsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: In Vitro Testsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: In Vitro Testsmentioning

confidence: 99%

See 3 more Smart Citations

Viscoelasticity in Foot-Ground Interaction

Naemi¹,

Behforootan²,

Chatzistergos³

et al. 2016

Viscoelastic and Viscoplastic Materials

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

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A two‐phase model of plantar tissue: a step toward prediction of diabetic foot ulceration

Sciumè

Boso

Gray

et al. 2014

Numer Methods Biomed Eng

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A new computational model, based on the thermodynamically constrained averaging theory, has been recently proposed to predict tumor initiation and proliferation. A similar mathematical approach is proposed here as an aid in diabetic ulcer prevention. The common aspects at the continuum level are the macroscopic balance equations governing the flow of the fluid phase, diffusion of chemical species, tissue mechanics, and some of the constitutive equations. The soft plantar tissue is modeled as a two-phase system: a solid phase consisting of the tissue cells and their extracellular matrix, and a fluid one (interstitial fluid and dissolved chemical species). The solid phase may become necrotic depending on the stress level and on the oxygen availability in the tissue. Actually, in diabetic patients, peripheral vascular disease impacts tissue necrosis; this is considered in the model via the introduction of an effective diffusion coefficient that governs transport of nutrients within the microvasculature. The governing equations of the mathematical model are discretized in space by the finite element method and in time domain using the θ-Wilson Method. While the full mathematical model is developed in this paper, the example is limited to the simulation of several gait cycles of a healthy foot.

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Which plantar region can predict peripheral arterial disease by using laser speckleflowgraphy?

et al. 2021

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Laser speckle flowgraphy (LSFG) is a new device that can measure skin blood flow and capture the movement of erythrocytes. However, there are a few reports on the use of LSFG to estimate skin blood flow, especially in the lower extremities. We aimed to compare plantar skin blood flow between patients with and without peripheral arterial disease (PAD) to discern the extent to which LSFG could accurately predict PAD. We prospectively measured the plantar skin blood flow in 28 patients with PAD and 37 participants without PAD at two hospitals from 2017 to 2021, using the ankle-brachial index (ABI) and LSFG. We partitioned the plantar into 12 parts: digits 1-5, medial metatarsal, middle metatarsal, lateral metatarsal, medial arch, middle arch, lateral arch, and heel, and compared the difference between the two groups and the area under the curve (AUC) of each point. Statistical analyses were performed to determine the sensitivity, specificity, false-positive rate, and false-negative rate at high accuracy points of AUC and ABI. There was a significant difference among the 12 points between the two groups, and the ratio using toe 1 and toe 5 was highly accurate. The ratio using toe 1 indicated higher sensitivity (89 vs. 82%), higher false-positive rate (22 vs. 4%), lower specificity (81 vs. 97%), and an equivalent false-negative rate (9 vs. 12%) to that of the ABI. These findings could facilitate the use of LSFG to estimate the skin blood flow condition in the plantar skin. Our results indicate that measuring toe 1 using LSFG could be used to somewhat assess PAD.

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The Quasi-Linear Viscoelastic Properties of Diabetic and Non-Diabetic Plantar Soft Tissue

Cited by 37 publications

References 44 publications

Viscoelasticity in Foot-Ground Interaction

Viscoelasticity in Foot-Ground Interaction

A two‐phase model of plantar tissue: a step toward prediction of diabetic foot ulceration

Which plantar region can predict peripheral arterial disease by using laser speckleflowgraphy?

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