The quality of private pharmacy services in low and middle-income countries: A systematic review

Smith, Felicity

doi:10.1007/s11096-009-9294-z

Cited by 154 publications

(150 citation statements)

References 34 publications

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“…The provision of advice for treating the common symptoms of diarrhoea was negligible or was not in accordance with standard therapy, indicating a deficit of qualified and trained personnel at these pharmacies. The observations in our study are in line with other studies showing that the quality of professional services from pharmacies is low and the provision of advice for common symptoms in middle-income countries is limited [22]. The situation in Pakistan is not an exception and similar patterns of counselling were observed in other countries [3,[23][24][25].…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 91%

Management of diarrhoea cases by community pharmacies in 3 cities of Pakistan

Hussain¹,

Ibrahim²

2012

East Mediterr Health J

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Community pharmacies are valued for their potential role in the management of common ailments. This cross-sectional study aimed to document the management of diarrhoea by community pharmacies in 3 cities in Pakistan. Visits were performed to 371 randomly selected pharmacies to request advice for a simulated paediatric case of diarrhoea. The pharmacy's management was scored on a checklist including history taking and provision of advice and information. Customers were served by a salesperson in 97.3% of visits and by a pharmacist in only 2.2%. Medication was dispensed in 77.1% of visits. Of the medications dispensed, 58.7% were antiamoebics, 14.0% antibiotics and 18.9% antidiarrhoeals; only 8.4% were oral rehydration salts. None of the regimens matched with a standard prescription. The dosage regimen was explained to the customer in only 52.6% of cases. Drug safety, unqualified personnel, lack of history taking, inappropriate treatment and lack of counselling are concerns to be addressed. Sciences, University Sains Malaysia, Penang, Malaysia and Hamdard Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Hamdard University, Islamabad, Pakistan (Correspondence to A. Hussain: azharhussain10971@gmail.com 1 School of Pharmaceutical Prise en charge des cas de diarrhée en pharmacies communautaires dans trois villes du PakistanRÉSUMÉ Les pharmacies communautaires sont précieuses pour leur rôle potentiel dans la prise en charge des affections courantes. La présente étude transversale visait à documenter la prise en charge des cas de diarrhée en pharmacies communautaires dans trois villes du Pakistan. Des visites ont été faites dans 371 pharmacies sélectionnées aléatoirement afin de solliciter des conseils sur un cas simulé de diarrhée chez un enfant. Une liste de vérification incluant l'interrogation sur les antécédents, et les conseils et les informations donnés a été utilisée pour évaluer la prise en charge au sein de l'officine. Les clients ont été servis par un vendeur dans 97,3 % des cas et par un pharmacien dans 2,2 % des cas. Par ailleurs, 77,1 % des visites se sont conclues par la délivrance de médicaments. Parmi ceux-ci, 58,7 % étaient des antiamibiens, 14,0 % des antibiotiques et 18,9 % des antidiarrhéiques ; seuls 8,4 % étaient des sels de réhydratation par voie orale. Aucun des schémas thérapeutiques proposés ne correspondait à une prescription normalisée. La posologie a été expliquée au client dans 52,6 % des cas uniquement. La non-garantie de l'innocuité des médicaments, le personnel non qualifié, l'absence d'interrogation sur les antécédents, un traitement inapproprié et l'absence de conseils sont des lacunes auxquelles il faut s'attaquer.

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 91%

Management of diarrhoea cases by community pharmacies in 3 cities of Pakistan

Hussain¹,

Ibrahim²

2012

East Mediterr Health J

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“…39 This is particularly the case in developing countries, including Nepal, where access to physicians is limited and prohibitively expensive for many people. 40 Curriculum reform may be required to support these new pharmaceutical care roles performed by pharmacists. The results of our study highlight areas where the pharmacy curriculum in Nepal may need to be reformed and expanded; however, further research is needed to determine whether greater coverage of the pharmacotherapy of mental disorders would translate into improved understanding of mental disorders among pharmacy students.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Nepalese Pharmacy Students' Perceptions Regarding Mental Disorders and Pharmacy Education

Panthee¹,

Panthee

Shakya

et al. 2010

American Journal of Pharmaceutical Education

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“…In the US, educational strategies for stimulating quality improvement have been discussed, and the pharmacy sector is likely to experience regulatory changes that mandate quality improvement, public reports on the quality of individual pharmacies, and pay-for-performance systems that reward pharmacies for achieving high levels of quality [3]. In developing countries, Smith [19] conducted a systematic review and reported that the evidence-base regarding the quality of professional services from pharmacies in low and middle income countries was limited, and indicated that standards were often deficient. If pharmacists were to contribute more effectively to health care, the barriers to the provision of higher quality care and ways in which these might be overcome must be identified and examined [19].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Quality indicators to compare accredited independent pharmacies and accredited chain pharmacies in Thailand

2016

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Background Quality indicators determine the quality of actual practice in reference to standard criteria. The Community Pharmacy Association (Thailand), with technical support from the International Pharmaceutical Federation, developed a tool for quality assessment and quality improvement at community pharmacies. This tool has passed validity and reliability tests, but has not yet had feasibility testing. Objective (1) To test whether this quality tool could be used in routine settings. (2) To compare quality scores between accredited independent and accredited chain pharmacies. Setting Accredited independent pharmacies and accredited chain pharmacies in the north eastern region of Thailand. Methods A cross sectional study was conducted in 34 accredited independent pharmacies and accredited chain pharmacies. Quality scores were assessed by observation and by interviewing the responsible pharmacists. Data were collected and analyzed by independent t-test and Mann-Whitney U test as appropriate. Results were plotted by histogram and spider chart. Main outcome measure Domain's assessable scores, possible maximum scores, mean and median of measured scores. Results Domain's assessable scores were close to domain's possible maximum scores. This meant that most indicators could be assessed in most pharmacies. The spider chart revealed that measured scores in the personnel, drug inventory and stocking, and patient satisfaction and health promotion domains of chain pharmacies were significantly higher than those of independent pharmacies (p < 0.05). There was no statistical difference between independent pharmacies and chain pharmacies in the premise and facility or dispensing and patient care domains. Conclusion Quality indicators developed by the Community Pharmacy Association (Thailand) could be used to assess quality of practice in pharmacies in routine settings. It is revealed that the quality scores of chain pharmacies were higher than those of independent pharmacies.

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The quality of private pharmacy services in low and middle-income countries: A systematic review

Cited by 154 publications

References 34 publications

Management of diarrhoea cases by community pharmacies in 3 cities of Pakistan

Management of diarrhoea cases by community pharmacies in 3 cities of Pakistan

Nepalese Pharmacy Students' Perceptions Regarding Mental Disorders and Pharmacy Education

Quality indicators to compare accredited independent pharmacies and accredited chain pharmacies in Thailand

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