The quality of parenting in reproductive donation families: A meta-analysis and systematic review

Parenting and psychological adjustment during middle childhood in lesbian, gay, and heterosexual parent families formed through assisted reproduction.

“…Nonetheless, longitudinal studies of children born to heterosexual parents through assisted reproduction have shown that, regardless of the developmental stage examined (i.e., infancy, childhood, adolescence), child development and parenting appear unrelated to assisted conception (for reviews, see Quintigliano et al, 2022; Teplitsky Carneiro et al, 2022; Zanchettin et al, 2022). In fact, in some cases, heterosexual parent families formed by sperm or egg donation score higher than heterosexual parent families through unassisted conception on child adjustment and parent–child relationship measures (Golombok, 2015).…”