The (pX, X) experiment — A new approach for partial sensitivity enhancement in trace element analysis

Lin, Tsang–Lang; Luo, Chien-Shu; Chou, Jen-Chang

doi:10.1016/0029-554x(78)90153-2

Cited by 26 publications

(2 citation statements)

References 6 publications

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“…The advantages for such an x-ray source are mainly related to the high inner shell ionization cross sections of heavy ions, and most important with the very low emission, compared to electrons, of bremsstrahlung radiation as the ions decelerate into matter resulting in an improved peak to background ratio. 1 The concept of the proton-induced monochromatic x-ray beams [2][3][4][5][6][7][8][9][10][11][12][13][14][15][16][17][18][19] has been utilized in the past in various spectroscopy and analytical studies related with the determination of impurities or minor elements in pure metal matrices, [8][9][10][11][12] as well as for inelastic x-ray scattering experiments in experimental conditions (exciting x-ray beam energy, atomic number of the target element) that favour the study of x-ray resonant Raman scattering (RRS) [13][14][15][16] and more recently for the production of soft keV micro-focused x-rays for single cell irradiation allowing for a more consistent dose delivery. 19 Here, through the development of an integrated x-ray spectroscopy end station, we describe the dynamic utilization of the advantages of proton-induced x-ray beams when used for soft x-ray spectroscopy applications and especially for XRF analytical purposes.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Proton induced quasi-monochromatic x-ray beams for soft x-ray spectroscopy studies and selective x-ray fluorescence analysis

Sokaras¹,

Zarkadas²,

Fliegauf³

et al. 2012

Review of Scientific Instruments

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We present the analytical features and performance of an x-ray spectroscopy end station of moderate energy resolution operating with proton-induced quasi-monochromatic x-ray beams. The apparatus was designed, installed and operated at the 5.5 MV Tandem VdG Accelerator Laboratory of the Institute of Nuclear Physics, N.C.S.R. "Demokritos," Athens. The setup includes a two-level ultrahigh vacuum chamber that hosts in the lower level up to six primary targets in a rotatable holder; there, the irradiation of pure element materials-used as primary targets-with few-MeV high current (~μA) proton beams produces intense quasi-monochromatic x-ray beams of selectable energy. In the chamber's upper level, a six-position rotatable sample holder hosts the targets considered for x-ray spectroscopy studies. The proton-induced x-ray beam, after proper collimation, is guided to the sample position whereas various filters can be also inserted along the beam's path to eliminate the backscattered protons or/and to absorb selectively components of the x-ray beam. The apparatus incorporates an ultrathin window Si(Li) spectrometer (FWHM 136 eV at 5.89 keV) coupled with low-noise electronics capable of efficiently detecting photons down to carbon Kα. Exemplary soft x-ray spectroscopy studies and results of selective x-ray fluorescence analysis are presented.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Proton induced quasi-monochromatic x-ray beams for soft x-ray spectroscopy studies and selective x-ray fluorescence analysis

Sokaras¹,

Zarkadas²,

Fliegauf³

et al. 2012

Review of Scientific Instruments

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“…Στις περιπτώσεις αυτές με την κατάλληλη επιλογή του αρχικού στόχου που βομβαρδίζεται απο πρωτόνια μπορεί να επιτευχθεί μια επιλεκτική διέγερση στο προς ανάλυση δείγμα μόνο εκείνων των στοιχείων που ενδιαφέρουν. Ενδεικτικά αναφέρω την μέτρηση απο τους Lin et al [152] μικρών ποσοτήτων Co παρουσία μεγάλων συγκεντρώσεων Νί με την χρήση των χαρακτηριστικών ακτινών χ του Cu, την μέτρηση Cr σε χάλυβες με σχετικό σφάλμα 1.8 % στο εύρος συγκεντρώσεων απο 2 -18 % απο τον Gihwala et al [153] και την επίτευξη μικρών ανιχνεύσιμων ορίων για το Fe σε μήτρα Cu [154]. Στις εργασίες αυτές δεν έχουν παρουσιασθεί αλλά και ούτε έχουν διερευνηθεί πειραματικά με σαφή και ολοκληρωμένο τρόπο, εκτός ίσως της επιλεκτικότητας στην διέγερση που επιτυγχάνεται με την PIXRF, ό λες οι δυνατότητες που προσφέρει η PIXRF στην ποσοτική ανάλυση διαφόρων δειγμάτων και στην επίτευξη χαμηλότερων ανιχνεύσιμων ορίων.…”

Section: εισαγωγήunclassified

Παραγωγη Μονοχρωματικων Δεσμων Ακτινων Χ Απο Πρωτονια Και Χρηση Τους Σε Αναλυτικες Εφαρμογες

Καρυδασ¹

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The possibility of using protons with energy of a few MeV for the production of monoenergetic x-ray beams with application to the x-ray fluorescence analysis (XRF), was investigated theoretically and experi mentally. The yield of the characteristic x-rays, produced when a pure target is bombarded by protons, was calculated (at reflection or trans mission geometry) and its dependence on various experimental param eters (proton energy, angle of incidence) was studied. An experimen tal arrangement with small intercomponent diastances (source-sampledetector) and suitable for sample irradiation and detection of the fluo rescent x-rays in vacuum, was constructed. The background produced in the Si(Li) detector by the γ-rays, originating from the primary target, was studied as a function of the proton energy, for the purpose of finding an optimum energy. For calibration purposes, a number of thin targets were made and their thickness was measured employing independent methods. Also, in order to improve the accuracy of the calibration pro cedure, the exact theoretical calculation of the enhancement of the XRF intensity, due to the scattering inside the sample of either the exciting or the characteristic radiation, was performed. A software program for the quantitative analysis of homogeneous samples was developed, which take into account all second order corrections to the XRF intensity and also having the advantage of using simultaneously data from many x-ray sources. The concentrations of various elements contained in standard samples (biological, clays, steels) were measured with good agreement with the certified values. Also, the sensitivity of the method in the anal ysis of trace elements contained in biological samples was investigated with the final conclusion that minimum detection limits lower than 1 ppm can be achieved.

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Kα x‐ray emission induced by 1—100 MeV protons

1992

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In the course of a feasibility study of high-intensity sources of monochromatic x-rays to be used for XRF, extensive numerical calculations were conducted on the production of characteristic x-rays by proton bombardment of pure element targets. This paper presents the analytical model used for the computer simulations and compares the x-ray production by protons and alpha particles. The K x-ray production cross-section was calculated by the ECPSSR theoretical model and by Paul's analytical formula. The dependence of the x-ray yield on projectile energy, target atomic number, target thickness and irradiation geometry is discussed. The thick target Ka x-ray yields produced by 1-100 MeV proton bombardment were calculated for 66 elements from Na to Pb. From these results, a number of scaling laws and fitting procedures are given for proton-induced Ka x-rays.

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The (pX, X) experiment — A new approach for partial sensitivity enhancement in trace element analysis

Cited by 26 publications

References 6 publications

Proton induced quasi-monochromatic x-ray beams for soft x-ray spectroscopy studies and selective x-ray fluorescence analysis

Proton induced quasi-monochromatic x-ray beams for soft x-ray spectroscopy studies and selective x-ray fluorescence analysis

Παραγωγη Μονοχρωματικων Δεσμων Ακτινων Χ Απο Πρωτονια Και Χρηση Τους Σε Αναλυτικες Εφαρμογες

Kα x‐ray emission induced by 1—100 MeV protons

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