The pupa and events leading to eclosion

Langton, Peter H.

doi:10.1007/978-94-011-0715-0_8

Cited by 23 publications

(13 citation statements)

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“…These results suggest that the developmental rate increased mainly during the fourth instar or metamorphosis. Since numerous biochemical and physiological changes take place during preparation for pupation [34–36], this life stage may be very sensitive to interference by toxicants [18].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Life‐cycle effects of sediment‐associated 2,4,5‐trichlorophenol on two groups of the midge Chironomus riparius with different exposure histories

Ristola

Parker

Kukkonen

2001

Enviro Toxic and Chemistry

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Effects of 2,4,5-trichlorophenol (TCP) on life-cycle traits of the midge Chironomus riparius and the ability of the midge to evolve tolerance to TCP were assessed using a reference group and a group preexposed to TCP during three generations, both originating from the same laboratory culture. F1 larvae of these groups were then exposed to nominal TCP concentrations of 51, 177, 355, and 532 micromol TCP/kg dry sediment and a control sediment in a life-cycle experiment. Most studied life-cycle traits (mortality, egg production, life span, male dry wt) were fairly insensitive to TCP, and significant effects were observed only at high (> or = 355 micromol/kg) concentrations. Larval development rate was variable, and in some cases it responded more readily to low TCP concentrations than other life-cycle parameters. Some of the observed responses were attributed to changes in food availability. No clear evidence of tolerance to 2,4,5-trichlorophenol was found, but the preexposed midges produced more eggs than the reference group. They also emerged earlier and at a smaller size than the reference midges. These differences between the midge groups suggest that some changes toward tolerance induction had occurred during the preexposure.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Life‐cycle effects of sediment‐associated 2,4,5‐trichlorophenol on two groups of the midge Chironomus riparius with different exposure histories

Ristola

Parker

Kukkonen

2001

Enviro Toxic and Chemistry

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“…The more delayed emergence in BID and BQD trials, which also showed high mortality in late developmental stages, may be caused by a water renewal during (moulting to) pupal stage, a stage vulnerable to physical disturbances [43].…”

Section: Emergencementioning

confidence: 96%

Effects of Exposure to Azaarenes on Emergence and Mouthpart Development in the Midge Chironomus Riparius (Diptera: Chironomidae)

Bleeker¹,

Leslie²,

Groenendijk³

et al. 1999

Environ Toxicol Chem

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Abstract-Adverse effects of azaarenes on emergence and mouthpart development of the midge Chironomus riparius were analyzed using six closely related three-ringed isomers and metabolites. Effects on growth rate were examined by comparing the average day of emergence of exposed midges with that of controls. Fluctuating asymmetry (FA) in the pecten epipharyngis was examined as a measure of developmental abnormality. Delayed emergence was found at concentrations as low as 2% of the acute LC50, so emergence day appears to be a useful sensitive parameter to quantify life cycle effects. No differences in FA were found between exposed and control larvae, although, in other studies, all compounds have been proven to be genotoxic. The differences in the genotoxic and FA-inducing properties of these compounds indicate that different mechanisms are involved in expressing these adverse effects. This study also illustrates that the choice of the morphological parameter strongly influences the results of developmental disturbance analyses and thus the risk qualification of a potentially hazardous compound.

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“…In general, the pupal stage lasts less than 72 h (Langton, 1995), although pupal stage duration has not been tested for D. mendotae under natural conditions and may require longer periods as a result of low water temperatures during the winter. Nolte & Hoffman (1992) determined that D. incallida pupae required 72 h at 8°C for eclosion.…”

Section: Larva To Adult: Changing Cold-hardiness Strategiesmentioning

confidence: 98%

Freeze tolerance in larvae of the winter-active Diamesa mendotae Muttkowski (Diptera: Chironomidae): a contrast to adult strategy for survival at low temperatures

et al. 2006

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The winter-active Diamesa mendotae Muttkowski (Diptera: Chironomidae) is freeze intolerant in the adult stage with a low mean supercooling point (SCP) of $)20°C. However, cold-hardiness strategies for immatures of this species are unknown. In this study, we measured SCP values for D. mendotae larvae, pupae and adults using surface-contact thermometry. In addition, the lower lethal temperature (LLT) was determined for the larval stage. The mean SCPs for larvae ()7.4°C) and pupae ()9.1°C) were relatively high compared to adults ()19.7°C). Our results indicate that the larvae of D. mendotae are freeze tolerant with a LLT 99 ()25.4°C), $)10°C lower than their minimum SCP ()15.6°C). Freeze tolerance in these larvae may be a strategy to provide protection from short-term exposures to ice crystals or to permit diapause within frozen substrates. The change in cold-hardiness strategy from freeze tolerant to freeze intolerant between the larval and adult stages of this species is likely a result of the different habitats occupied by these two life stages.

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The pupa and events leading to eclosion

Cited by 23 publications

References 0 publications

Life‐cycle effects of sediment‐associated 2,4,5‐trichlorophenol on two groups of the midge Chironomus riparius with different exposure histories

Life‐cycle effects of sediment‐associated 2,4,5‐trichlorophenol on two groups of the midge Chironomus riparius with different exposure histories

Effects of Exposure to Azaarenes on Emergence and Mouthpart Development in the Midge Chironomus Riparius (Diptera: Chironomidae)

Freeze tolerance in larvae of the winter-active Diamesa mendotae Muttkowski (Diptera: Chironomidae): a contrast to adult strategy for survival at low temperatures

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