The Pulmonary Macrophage Response to Irritants

Gross, Paul; Tp, DeTreville; Eb, Tolker; Kaschak, Marianne; Ma, Babyak

doi:10.1080/00039896.1969.10665390

Cited by 34 publications

(11 citation statements)

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“…The exposure of animals to increased numbers of particles by inhalation or intratracheal injection has been shown to alter the number of macrophages obtained by pulmonary lavage (29,30). No previous studies have attempted to study the origin of macrophages in animals stimulated by particle inhalation.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The Origin of Alveolar Macrophages in Mouse Radiation Chimeras

Godleski

Brain

1972

The Journal of Experimental Medicine

131

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Most of the known bactericidal properties of the lungs reside in the phagocytic and lyric potential of the alveolar macrophages (1, 2). Besides maintaining the sterility of the alveolar surface, alveolar macrophages also participate in the clearance of dust and debris from the nonciliated portions of the lung (3, 4). As these important roles of the alveolar macrophage were recognized, m a n y investigators a t t e m p t e d to determine the origin of the cells (reviewed in Bertalanffy [5,6]).Several different cells have been suggested as the progenitor of the alveolar macrophage; the sources of macrophages most frequently mentioned have been hematopoietic tissues (7,8) and intrapulmonary tissues (9, 10). Recently, t'inkett et al. (11) utilized mouse irradiation chimeras in which donor hematopoiefic cells were marked by the T8 chromosome and concluded that two-thirds of alveolar macrophages were of hematopoiefic origin. Virolainen (12) applied the T6 method to organ culture and concluded that all dividing free cells were of hematopoietic origin. Unfortunately, the use of a chromosomal marker visible only during mitosis limited these studies to dividing cells and did not permit morphologic evaluation of these cells. Brunstetter et al. (13), using reciprocal chimeras in which donor hematopoietic cells either carried or lacked an identifiable esterase marker, concluded that alveolar macrophages were primarily of bone marrow origin. However, their analytical method was qualitative and necessitated the pooling of all free cells recovered in the lung washing.In view of these conflicting reports, it was apparent that the experimental approach to this problem must include: (a) a specific marker to identify the origin of individual alveolar macrophages, (b) the utilization of an unselected or randomly selected popu-* This paper has been presented in part at the

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The Origin of Alveolar Macrophages in Mouse Radiation Chimeras

Godleski

Brain

1972

The Journal of Experimental Medicine

131

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“…Data indicate a positive correlation between the amount of particles cleared and the number of these phagocytic cells in the lung (18). A number of inhalable substances such as carbon (1,6,18,32), diesel exhaust (33), PbO (34), NiC12, NiO (35-37), CdCl2 (38), CO (39), Pb2O3 (8,40), cigarette smoke (24,(41)(42)(43), cotton dust (44), quartz (45) and other environmental substances (46,47) can promote the influx of macrophages into the pulmonary racemus. Little is known about the mechanisms of action that stimulate this migration or about the fate of these immigrant cells.…”

Section: Alterations In Numbersmentioning

confidence: 99%

Alterations in Macrophage Functions by Environmental Chemicals

Gardner¹

1984

Environmental Health Perspectives

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“…Migration of NL into the respiratory tract, if noted at all, is considered only as a symptom of "inflammation" (37). However, we must note that experiments with quartz dust performed not only by us but also by other researchers showed an unusually low percentage of AM in the free cell population of the respiratory tract with the increase in the NL percentage (38)(39)(40).…”

Section: Environmental Health Perspectives 206mentioning

confidence: 99%

Response of a phagocyte cell system to products of macrophage breakdown as a probable mechanism of alveolar phagocytosis adaptation to deposition of particles of different cytotoxicity.

Privalova¹,

Katsnelson²,

Osipenko³

et al. 1980

Environ Health Perspect

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The adaptation of the alveolar phagocytosis response to the quantitative and qualitative features of dust deposited during inhalation consists not only in enhanced recruitment of alveolar macrophages (AM), but also in adding a more or less pronounced neutrophil leukocyte (NL) recruitment as an auxiliary participant of particle clearance. The NL contribution to clearance is especially typical for response to cytotoxic particles (quartz, in particular). An important feature of the adaptation considered is the limitation of the number of AM and NL recruited when an efficient clearance can be achieved by a lesser number ofceDls due to increased AM resistance to the damaging action of phagocytized particles. The main mechanism providing the adequacy of the alveolar phagocytosis response is its self-regulation through the products of macrophage breakdown (PMB). In a series of experiments with intraperitoneal and intratracheal injections of syngenetic PMB into rats and mice, it was shown that these products stimulate respiration and migration of phagocytic cells, their dose-dependent attraction to the site of PMB formation with the predominant NL contribution, increasing with the increase of amount of PMB, the AM and NL precursor cells recruitment from reserve pools, and the replenishment of these reserves in the process of hemopoiesis. At least some of the above effects are connected with the action of the lipid components of PMB. The action of specialized regulative systems of the organism can modify the response to PMB, judging by the results obtained by hydrocortisone injection. Autocontrol of alveolar phagocytosis requires great care in attempts at artificial stimulation ofthis process, as an excessive cell recruitment may promote the retention of particles in lungs.According to estimates based on comparison of calculated deposition of dust in miners' lungs with the actual amount found postmortem, about 98-99% of primarily deposited dust mass is cleared from the respiratory system (1). This impressive calculation allows us not only to explain why life is compatible

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The Pulmonary Macrophage Response to Irritants

Cited by 34 publications

References 1 publication

The Origin of Alveolar Macrophages in Mouse Radiation Chimeras

The Origin of Alveolar Macrophages in Mouse Radiation Chimeras

Alterations in Macrophage Functions by Environmental Chemicals

Response of a phagocyte cell system to products of macrophage breakdown as a probable mechanism of alveolar phagocytosis adaptation to deposition of particles of different cytotoxicity.

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