The Psychopathology of Posttraumatic Embitterment Disorders

Lindén, Michael; Baumann, K.; Rotter, Max; Schippan, Barbara

doi:10.1159/000100005

Cited by 62 publications

(58 citation statements)

References 35 publications

(16 reference statements)

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“…In contrast to depression, affect modulation is unimpaired in PTED patients, who can display a normal and positive affect when distracted or engaged in revenge fantasies. Moreover, there is a direct connection between a single negative event and the onset of the illness in PTED [22], while in depression typical negative life events are rather prolonged burdens, or there is even a reciprocal relationship in which earlier depressive symptoms predict later negative events [32]. Another important question is the difference between PTED and PTSD.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…paranoid or narcissistic) must be clarified. The clinical impression is that neither with respect to the history nor to the present status there are indicators for personality disorders as defined in ICD-10 [22]. However, this clinical impression needs empirical verification.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…In contrast to adjustment disorders the symptomatology found in PTED does not show the tendency of spontaneous remission. First empirical data on PTED [17, 20, 22] showed that these patients are severely ill, impaired and especially difficult to treat. The diagnostic criteria for PTED are summarized in table 1.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Posttraumatic Embitterment Disorder in Comparison to Other Mental Disorders

Lindén

Baumann

Rotter

et al. 2007

Psychother Psychosom

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Background: The term ‘posttraumatic embitterment disorder’ (PTED) was recently introduced to describe a subtype of adjustment disorders, characterized by prolonged embitterment, severe additional psychopathological symptoms and great impairment in most areas of life in reaction to a severe negative but not life threatening life event. The aim of this study is an empirical description and validation of the clinical concept of PTED, by comparing clinically defined PTED patients with patients suffering from other mental disorders on measures of posttraumatic stress and psychopathological distress. Methods: Fifty inpatients, suffering from PTED according to previously defined clinical diagnostic criteria, were compared with another 50 patients, matched by age and gender, who did not meet clinical criteria for PTED but for other mental disorders. Psychiatric diagnoses were assessed by the Mini International Neuropsychiatric Interview. Self-report measures included the Bern Embitterment Scale, the Impact of Event Scale, the PTED Self-Rating Scale and the SCL-90. Results: According to the Mini International Neuropsychiatric Interview both groups fulfilled the criteria for many disorders with a significantly higher occurrence of major depression and chronic adjustment disorder but less generalized anxiety disorder lifetime in PTED patients. Patients with PTED scored significantly higher on the global scores and on most subdimensions of the SCL-90, the Impact of Event Scale, the Bern Embitterment Scale and the PTED Self-Rating Scale. Conclusions: Clear differences were found between PTED patients and patients with other mental disorders in regard to the quality and intensity of psychopathological as well as posttraumatic stress symptoms. PTED can help further subclassify and specify adjustment and reactive disorders.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Posttraumatic Embitterment Disorder in Comparison to Other Mental Disorders

Lindén

Baumann

Rotter

et al. 2007

Psychother Psychosom

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“…It has been proposed that PTED shows some similarities to post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) [2,5]. In particular, both have been described as ‘reactive disorders’, arising in response to particular stressors.…”

Section: Similarities With Post-traumatic Stress Disordermentioning

confidence: 99%

Chronic Embitterment and Organisational Justice

Sensky¹

2009

Psychother Psychosom

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“…It has been reported in approximately 50% of a non-clinical population [5] and 86% of patients with mental health [1]. Despite several empirical studies of embitterment [6-9], the clinical approach to embitterment, until recently, has been limited in psychiatric clinics. Linden and colleagues have proposed that PTED should be considered a discrete entity, distinct from other reactive disorders, such as post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) or adjustment disorders [2, 6].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Exposure to Negative Life Events and Post-Traumatic Embitterment Symptoms in Young Adults in Korea: Cumulative and Differential Effects

Lee¹,

Kim²

2019

Psychopathology

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Background: Post-traumatic embitterment disorder (PTED) has recently been introduced as a subgroup of adjustment disorders related to stressful life events. Embitterment is defined as persistent feelings of inadequacy or hoping for revenge after being insulted but feeling helpless after experiencing a life stressor. This study aims to investigate the cumulative and differential effects of negative life events on the risk of developing embitterment among young adults in South Korea. Methods: Data for the present study were collected from a web-based survey of 1,000 young adults aged 18–35 years. All participants completed a list of negative life events, the PTED Self-Rating Scale. Logistic regression analysis was conducted to evaluate the relationships between the number of negative life events and reactive embitterment. Analyses of the relationships between each negative life event and reactive embitterment were performed using covariates, including childhood trauma, depression, and anxiety symptoms. Results: The total number of participants with reactive embitterment (cut-off scores > 2.5) was 452 (45.2%). Greater exposure to negative life events increased the risk of reactive embitterment compared to no negative events. Negative life events, including financial problems, family problems, and being excluded by friends, had significant associations with the risk of reactive embitterment. Conclusions: The present study revealed a substantial number of young adults with a high level of embitterment. Furthermore, cumulative and differential effects of negative events increased the risk for reactive embitterment. Our findings underlined the crucial role of adverse life events in the development of reactive embitterment.

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The Psychopathology of Posttraumatic Embitterment Disorders

Cited by 62 publications

References 35 publications

Posttraumatic Embitterment Disorder in Comparison to Other Mental Disorders

Posttraumatic Embitterment Disorder in Comparison to Other Mental Disorders

Chronic Embitterment and Organisational Justice

Exposure to Negative Life Events and Post-Traumatic Embitterment Symptoms in Young Adults in Korea: Cumulative and Differential Effects

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