The psychology of emotion regulation: An integrative review

Koole, Sander L.

doi:10.1080/02699930802619031

Cited by 1,163 publications

(993 citation statements)

References 188 publications

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“…This is also implied by the concept of emotional sensitivity being antecedent to possible emotion regulation (Koole, 2009) when temporally unfolding emotional responses. Further, it was suggested that emotion regulation primarily occurs towards unwanted emotions (Koole, 2009). What is new now is that our data indicate that already directing attention onto the emotional state is capable of modifying emotional arousal and intensity related amygdala activation.…”

Section: Self-referencementioning

confidence: 96%

“…Making oneself aware of interoceptive or external signals is also the first step for their reappraisal (Gross and John, 2003) and for psychotherapeutic interventions as directing the awareness away from for instance painful feelings towards pleasant aspects. However, current models of emotion regulation using active regulative strategies may suggest that by just being aware of the emotions, representing a first step prior to emotion modulation, one might still be indifferent to possible effects on emotions (Ochsner and Gross, 2005;Koole, 2009). This is also implied by the concept of emotional sensitivity being antecedent to possible emotion regulation (Koole, 2009) when temporally unfolding emotional responses.…”

Section: Self-referencementioning

confidence: 99%

“…However, current models of emotion regulation using active regulative strategies may suggest that by just being aware of the emotions, representing a first step prior to emotion modulation, one might still be indifferent to possible effects on emotions (Ochsner and Gross, 2005;Koole, 2009). This is also implied by the concept of emotional sensitivity being antecedent to possible emotion regulation (Koole, 2009) when temporally unfolding emotional responses. Further, it was suggested that emotion regulation primarily occurs towards unwanted emotions (Koole, 2009).…”

Section: Self-referencementioning

confidence: 99%

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Self-related awareness and emotion regulation

et al. 2010

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The regulation of emotions is an ongoing internal process and often a challenge. Current related neural models concern the intended control of reactions towards external events, mediated by prefrontal cortex regions upon basal emotion processing as in the amygdala. Cognitive strategies to regulate emotions in the context of affective disorders or stress reduction, increasingly applied in clinical practice, are also related to mindfulness techniques. We questioned their effects on neural emotion processing and investigated brain activity during purely internal mental self-referential processes of making current emotions and self-related cognitions aware. Thirty healthy subjects performed a task comprising periods of cognitive self-reflection, of introspection for actual own emotions and feelings, and of a neutral condition, while they were scanned with functional magnetic resonance imaging. Brain activations of twenty-seven subjects during emotion-introspection and self-reflection, and also a conjunction of both, were compared with the neutral condition. The conditions of self-reflection and emotion-introspection showed distinguishable activations in medial and ventrolateral prefrontal areas, in parietal regions and in the amygdala. Notably, amygdala activity decreased during emotion-introspection and increased compared to 'neutral' during self-reflection. The results indicate that already the self-referential mental state of making the actual emotional state aware is capable of attenuating emotional arousal. This extends current theories of emotion regulation and has implications for the application of mindfulness techniques as a component of psychotherapeutic strategies in affective disorders and also for possible everyday emotion regulation. AbstractThe regulation of emotions is an ongoing internal process and often a challenge. Current related neural models concern the intended control of reactions towards external events, mediated by prefrontal cortex regions upon basal emotion processing as in the amygdala. Cognitive strategies to regulate emotions in the context of affective disorders or stress reduction, increasingly applied in clinical practice, are also related to mindfulness techniques. We questioned their effects on neural emotion processing and investigated brain activity during purely internal mental selfreferential processes of making current emotions and self-related cognitions aware. Thirty healthy subjects performed a task comprising periods of cognitive self-reflection, of introspection for actual own emotions and feelings, and of a neutral condition, while they were scanned with functional magnetic resonance imaging. Brain activations of twenty-seven subjects during emotion-introspection and self-reflection, and also a conjunction of both, were compared with the neutral condition. The conditions of self-reflection and emotion-introspection showed distinguishable activations in medial and ventrolateral prefrontal areas, in parietal regions and in the amygdala. Notably, amygdala activ...

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Section: Self-referencementioning

confidence: 96%

Section: Self-referencementioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Self-referencementioning

confidence: 99%

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Self-related awareness and emotion regulation

et al. 2010

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“…Defining ER ER can be defined as a set of processes that people engage in, consciously or not, that redirect the spontaneous flow of any emotionally charged state (Koole, 2009). One well-cited model for conceptualizing the different types of ER strategies has been the process model of ER (Gross, 1998b).…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Rumination is independently associated with poor psychological health: Comparing emotion regulation strategies

Zawadzki

2015

Psychology & Health

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Objective: Emotion regulation (ER) strategies are related to psychological health, with most work examining reappraisal and suppression. Yet, emerging findings suggest that rumination may have stronger relationships with psychological health, namely depression, than other ER strategies. This paper replicated and extended this work by testing whether rumination was independently associated with a range of poor psychological health risk indicators and outcomes. In addition, it explored whether the reason why rumination is so deleterious to health is because it underlies the stress-health relationship. Design: Participants (n = 218) completed measures online. Main outcome measures: Surveys assessed ER strategies (reappraisal, suppression, proactive coping, emotion support seeking, and rumination), health risk indicators (hostility, optimism, self-esteem), health outcomes (depression, poor sleep quality, anxiety) and perceived chronic stress. Results: Multivariate regression analyses revealed rumination as the only ER strategy with a consistent independent effect on all the health risk indicators and outcomes. Bootstrapping analyses revealed indirect effects of perceived chronic stress on all the health variables via rumination. Conclusion: Rumination had a deleterious relationship with psychological health, perhaps because rumination underlies the relationship between stress and psychological health. Results have implications for interventions, particularly emphasizing the need to target ruminative thinking after stressful experiences.

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“…Among several approaches and models that address the ways people regulate their emotions (cf. Koole, 2009), the process model of emotion regulation (Gross, 1998) has been particularly influential. It distinguishes between antecedent-focused and response-focused emotion regulation.…”

Section: Anticipatory and Reactive Mood Responses To Recurring Unpleamentioning

confidence: 99%

Here we go again: Anticipatory and reactive mood responses to recurring unpleasant situations throughout adulthood.

Voelkle¹,

Ebner²,

Lindenberger³

et al. 2013

Emotion

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Much is known about reactive mood changes due to unpleasant tasks or situations. This research provides evidence that recurring events may also elicit anticipatory mood changes, and that both reactive and anticipatory mood responses need to be considered when studying affective experiences and emotion regulation. Based on prevalent theories on emotion regulation, we propose that anticipatory and reactive mood responses to recurring unpleasant events may change throughout adulthood, reflecting an agerelated shift in emotion-regulation priorities. An unpleasant (monotonous) face-rating task across 10 100-min sessions was completed by 154 participants aged 20 to 81 years. Positive mood was assessed before and after each session. Almost all participants experienced a decline in positive mood while working on the task. However, in contrast to younger adults who showed a rapid drop in pretask mood in line with previous experience, older adults maintained their positive pretask mood across several sessions, suggesting a shift from anticipatory mood adjustment to positive mood maintenance with advancing adult age.

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The psychology of emotion regulation: An integrative review

Cited by 1,163 publications

References 188 publications

Self-related awareness and emotion regulation

Self-related awareness and emotion regulation

Rumination is independently associated with poor psychological health: Comparing emotion regulation strategies

Here we go again: Anticipatory and reactive mood responses to recurring unpleasant situations throughout adulthood.

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